Semantika ja analüütiline filosoofia: erinevus redaktsioonide vahel

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Ainekood:  ITV0071 (magistrivariant), ITV9070 (doktorantuurivariant)<br>
Code:  ITV9070<br>
Link: http://www.lambda.ee/index/Semantika_ja_analüütiline_filosoofia ehk http://www.lambda.ee/index/itv0071<br>
Link: http://lambda.ee/wiki/Semantika_ja_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_filosoofia<br>
Võid vaadata ka [[ITV0070_2016|2016 arhiivi]], [[ITV0070_2014|2014 arhiivi]], [[ITV0070_2012|2012 arhiivi]], [[ITV0070_2010|2010 arhiivi]] ja [[ITV0070_2007|2007 arhiivi]].<br>
Title: <b>Semantics and Analytical Philosophy</b><br>
Lektor: [http://tanel.tammet.googlepages.com Tanel Tammet]<br>
Archive: [[ITV9070_2025|year 2025 archive]]<br>
Kontakt: tammet@staff.ttu.ee, 6203457, TTÜ AK223<br>
Lecturer: [http://www.facebook.com/tanel.tammet Tanel Tammet]<br>
Ainet loetakse üle aasta.<br>
Contact: tanel.tammet@ttu.ee, 6203457, ICT 426<br>


<i>"A sign is anything that can be used to tell a lie."
<i>"A sign is anything that can be used to tell a lie."
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== <font color="red">NB!</font> Lambda server hardware has been fixed ==


= <font color="red">Järeleksam</font> =
Last week: sometimes the page did not open, sometimes it did.


Järeleksam toimub neljapäeval, 15 juunil kell 14:00 ICT (IT maja) auditooriumis A1
Now the server is fixed.


= <font color="red">Eksam</font> =


[[Semantika ja filosoofia tulemused 2017: põhieksam]]
<!--
= <font color="red">NB!</font> The seminar on 18. September is on Teams =
 
Tanel travels to U.S.A. on 13. September, hence the 18. September lecture/seminar is on Teams only. See below for the teams group.
 
Use the [https://teams.microsoft.com/meet/335965570900661?p=3GhUvqU8vCQGO8pYfo link to the teams meeting].
-->
 
= Language: English and Estonian  =
 
The current plan is teach the course in English in 2026, unless everybody understands Estonian.
 
It is OK for students to give presentations, ask questions etc in Estonian as well.
 
The materials / information is currently a mix of English and Estonian: we will move towards mostly English information in case we will keep English as the main language of the course.
 
= Teams and Recordings =
 
Some recordings will be available, but we do not plan to record most lectures/seminars.


Registreerida ei ole vaja.
The teams group for the course is [https://teams.cloud.microsoft/l/channel/19%3AIzu1OVQf63SOfUs5g0zLk-exFhIVEkxMxBvAZQ2tW4Y1%40thread.tacv2/General?groupId=69f16074-ac3d-432f-9681-06225bd2b68e&tenantId=3efd4d88-9b88-4fc9-b6c0-c7ca50f1db57 Semantika ja analüütiline filosoofia 2026]. In rare cases when the seminar is on teams (first case: 18. September), not in the lecture room, we will use this. Please register, the team code is: cpjionc .


* Põhieksamid
Use the [https://teams.microsoft.com/meet/335965570900661?p=3GhUvqU8vCQGO8pYfo link to the teams meeting] on 18. Sept.
** 24 mai (kolmap) kell 10 ruumis SOC-211A
** 2 juuni (reede) kell 10 ruumis SOC-310
* Lisaeksamiperiood: 12.-17. juuni
** Üks lisaeksam hetkel teadmata ajal


Eksam koosneb mitmest mini-esseest alltoodud teemadel.
= Time, place, credits =


Teemad on toodud allpool põhimõttel, et punane E on eriti oluline materjal/teema, L on vähemoluline materjal teema, ilma E või L-t otseselt küsimusi ei tule / lugema ei pea.
Time: Every Friday 09:30 - 11:45


Alustuseks loe läbi E-ga materjalid, ja kui jõuad, loe lisaks L-ga.
Normally we will have student presentations during the lecture time, along with planning following presentations and brief intros by the lecturer.  
Location:


Filosoofide nimesid ja aastaarve ja koolkondade nimesid meelde jätma ei pea (seda ei hinnata).
* Normally: ICT-507 A/B
* Sometimes: teams (these will be announced a week earlier)


Hinnatakse eeskätt essee jaoks etteantud teema ja problemaatika tundmist.
Credits: 6


= Maht, aeg, tulemus =
The lectures will be in English, unless everybody understands Estonian, in which case they will be in Estonian.


Punkte: 5 EAP.
The presentations in practice sessions can be given in English or Estonian, as you prefer.


Loengud toimuvad teisipäeviti kell 12:00-13:30  ruumis SOC-308.
The contents of practice sessions are presentations by students and their discussion. For all students, presence in the
practice sessions is important and is accounted for in the final grade.


Harjutustunnid toimuvad paarisnädalatel (algusega 9. veebruar) neljapäeviti kell 14:00-15:30 ruumis SOC-212. Harjutustunni sisuks on tudengitepoolne ettekannete tegemine ja nende arutelu.
We will probably succeed with saving the videos of lectures: will check out during the first weeks.


Kursus lõpeb kirjaliku eksamiga, mille sisuks on mikroesseed konkreetsetel kursusel läbitud teemadel. Allpool materjalide hulgas on <font color="red">E</font> tähega märgitud artiklid on eksami jaoks hädavajalikud lugeda, <font color="red">L</font> tähega artiklid on tähtsuselt teisel kohal. Kuulamismaterjalid ja ilma markeeringuta artiklid otse eksamiküsimuste hulka ei tule. Markeeringud võivad kursuse käigus veidi muutuda, kuid põhiosas jäävad nad samaks, kui kursuse alguses.
The course will finish with a written exam. The materials below marked with a red <font color="red">E</font> will be critical
for studying for the exam, while the materials marked with blue <font color="red">L</font> are also used but
less important. Materials without such marks will not be used for the exam questions.


Eksamieelduseks on (a) vähemalt kahe hea ettekande tegemine magistritel (b) vähemalt nelja hea ettekande tegemine doktorandidel. Ettekandeid ei hinnata, aga vähem õnnestunud ettekanne tuleb - kvaliteetselt - uuesti teha.
In order to be allowed to take the exam, the initial plan is as follows (we may need to tune it):
* each Ph.D student should give at least four presentations.
* each master student should give at least two presentations. In case it turns out we will have enough time, an additional third short presentation might be asked for.


Seminaridel kohalolekut registreeritakse.
Presentations are
not graded, but when they are determined not to be satfisfactory, they should be re-done.


Hinne arvestatakse (a) 70% eksamitulemuse (b) 30% seminaridel aktiivse kohaloleku järgi.
The lecture times will be used for both
* Short intros to thematic blocks by Tanel
* Student presentations


Osa loenguaegu kasutame täiendavalt seminariettekannete jaoks.
NB! Presence at student presentations will be registered: failing to participate at many presentations will have a negative effect on the final grade.


= Loengute esialgne plaan, teemad ja materjalid =


Kursus jaguneb mitmeks omavahel seotud allteemaks, järjekorras üldisematelt tehnilisematele.
= Initial course plan, materials and topics =


Loengute põhieesmärk on anda ülevaade mõistetest, ideedest jms: kõik selleks,  
We consider several topics in the wider fields of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics semantics] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy analytic philosophy], like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language philosophy of language], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind mind] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence A.I.], starting from general and classical ones and moving to more specific and modern.
et paremini viidatud tekste lugeda ja neist aru saada.


J&auml;rgmised materjalid on tutvumiseks, nende k&otilde;igi s&uuml;stemaatiline
The main goal of the lectures is to make it easier to understand the concepts and ideas in the topics, in order to better understand the reading materials.
l&auml;bilugemine ei ole kohustuslik. Kohustuslikud materjalid on eraldi märgitud.


== Põhiõpikud ja soovitavad taustamaterjalid ==
== Intro, semiotics and classical analytic philosophy ==


Kohustuslik:
* [http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/  D. Chandler. Semiotics for beginners]. V&otilde;rguraamat, loe läbi esimene pool / first half is obligatory. <font color="red">E</font>. Väike tähelepanujuhtimine: semiootika on pigem nn kontinentaalse filosoofia kui analüütilise filosoofia osa.
* [http://www.raamatukoi.ee/cgi-bin/raamat?1503 Tähendus, tõde, meetod.] Ettekandeteemade esimeste ringide allikas.


Kasulik taust/lisa:
* Source for the first round of presentations: [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25130154-t-hendus-t-de-meetod Tähendus, tõde, meetod.]. Separate original articles can be found by googling.
* [http://www.philosophybites.com/ philosophy bites podcastid]. Alusta [http://philosophybites.com/2015/03/jonathan-webber-on-deceiving-with-words.html sellest episoodist].
* [https://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/the-light-of-the-mind Sam Harrise podcastiepisood David Chalmersiga]
* [http://www.brainsciencepodcast.com/episodes-page/ brain science podcastid]. Eriti soovitavad:
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/a-closer-look-at-mirror-neurons-bsp-35.html *],  
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/embodied-cognition-with-art-glenberg-bsp-36.html *],  
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/brain-rules-with-john-medina-bsp-37.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/mirror-neurons-with-michael-arbib-bsp-39.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/review-principles-of-brain-evolution-bsp-47.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/how-our-brain-creates-our-world-with-chris-frith-phd-bsp-57.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/2010/1/13/affective-neuroscience-with-jaak-panksepp-bsp-65.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/2010/2/10/memory-challenging-current-theories-with-randy-gallistel-phd.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/thomas-metzinger-explores-consciousness-bsp-67.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/embodied-cognition-with-lawrence-shapiro-bsp-73.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/how-mind-emerges-from-brain-bsp-82.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/the-self-illusion-with-bruce-hood-bsp-88.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/the-self-illusion-with-bruce-hood-bsp-88.html *],
[http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/2013/2/24/how-the-brain-makes-meaning-bsp-94 *].
* [http://afseminar.wordpress.com/ analüütilise filosoofia seminar]
<!-- * [http://daniel.cohnitz.de/index.php?Philosophy-of-Language-I Cohnitzi kursus keelefilosoofiast] ja [http://daniel.cohnitz.de/index.php?history analüütilise filosoofia ajaloost] -->
* Endel Tulving. [https://www.rahvaraamat.ee/p/e-raamat-m%C3%A4lu/100536/en?isbn=9789949320363# M&auml;lu].
* [http://www.raamatukoi.ee/cgi-bin/raamat?8348 Juhatus semiootikasse]


== Sissejuhatus, semiootika, filosoofia ==
Core materials:


Põhimaterjal:
* [http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for beginners]. first half is obligatory. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for beginners]. Sellest tuleb läbi lugeda esimene pool / first half is obligatory. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html Quine: Two Dogmas of Empiricism]. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html Quine: Two Dogmas of Empiricism]. Lugeda. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy what is analytic philosophy].  
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy mis on analüütiline filosoofia]. Lugeda.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction analytic/synthetic]. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction analytic/synthetic]. Lugeda. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism logical positivism].  
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism logical positivism]. Lugeda.  
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals Problem of universals nominalism/realism]. <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals Problem of universals nominalism/realism]. Lugeda. <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) functionalism]. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) functionalism]. Lugeda. <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 phenomenology].
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Propp Propp].


* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 fenomenoloogia]. Tutvuda.
Useful to read/listen:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Propp Propp]. Tutvuda.
* [https://philosophybites.com/ philosophy bites podcasts]. Start with [https://philosophybites.com/2015/03/jonathan-webber-on-deceiving-with-words.html this <b>strongly recommended</b> episode].
* [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/the-light-of-the-mind Sam Harris with David Chalmers]
Lisaks oluline lugemine/kuulamine:
*  <font color="red">L</font> Philosophy of Metzinger: background reading [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Self_models Self models] and look, for example: [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=9181 Metzinger video]  
*  <font color="red">L</font> Philosophy of Metzinger: kindlasti kuula loenguna [http://media.libsyn.com/media/brainsciencepodcast/67-BSP-Metzinger.mp3 Metzingeri podcasti], taustaks tasub lugeda [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Self_models Self models] ja  lisaks tasub vaadata ka [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=9181 Metzingeri videoloengut]  
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5740 Tractatus] and[http://tractatus.html.xdomain.jp/Tractatus/jonathan/index.html Tractatus: structured full text]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein L. Wittgenstein]. Read a bit, [http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/wittgenstein/section1.rhtml along with a commentary]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/tloph10.txt Tractatus] ja [http://www.kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/ten.html Tractatus: struktureeritud täistekst]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein L. Wittgenstein]. Veidi lugeda. [http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/wittgenstein/section1.rhtml Loe lisaks väikest kommentaari]
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54889e73e4b0a2c1f9891289/t/564b61a4e4b04eca59c4d232/1447780772744/Ludwig.Wittgenstein.-.Philosophical.Investigations.pdf Philosophical investigations]: read the first 100.A A small summary [https://sophoslogos.wordpress.com/2014/08/17/the-early-and-later-philosophy-of-wittgenstein/ of early vs late Wittgenstein]
* [http://www.voidspace.org.uk/psychology/wittgenstein/one.shtml Philosophical Investigations koos kommentaaridega]: kindlasti lugeda esimesed 100 aforismi, terve raamatu saab osta poest eestikeelsena. Lisaks väike kokkuvõte [http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/plearlylatewitt.htm varasest vs hilisest Wittgensteinist]
<!-- * [http://media.libsyn.com/media/brainsciencepodcast/57-brainscience-Frith.mp3 Chris Firth BSC podcast] -->
<!-- * [http://media.libsyn.com/media/brainsciencepodcast/57-brainscience-Frith.mp3 Chris Firth BSC podcast] -->


Märkmeid tähestikust:
About the alphabet:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese
* [http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/Images/cuneiform.gif võrlduspilt] ja [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_script wiki] ja [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U12000.pdf unicode]
* [http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/Images/cuneiform.gif comparison] ja [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_script wiki] and [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U12000.pdf unicode]
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs
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Märkmeid strukturalismist, dekonstruktsioonist ja muust:
Notes on structuralism, deconstruction and friends:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism strukturalism], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction dekonstruktivism], [http://web.archive.org/web/20070205083530/http:/www.sou.edu/English/Hedges/Sodashop/RCenter/Theory/Howto/decon.htm dekonstrueerimise kiirõpetus], [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/derrida.htm Derrida lõik], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics hermeneutika]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism structuralism] <font color="red">L</font>, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction dekonstruktivism], [http://web.archive.org/web/20070205083530/http:/www.sou.edu/English/Hedges/Sodashop/RCenter/Theory/Howto/decon.htm dekonstrueerimise kiirõpetus], [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/derrida.htm Derrida section], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics hermeneutics]
* [http://www.southparkstudios.com/full-episodes/s14e10-insheeption insheeption]
* [http://www.southparkstudios.com/full-episodes/s14e10-insheeption insheeption]
* sympathetic magic: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_magic wiki], [http://www.bartleby.com/196/5.html Frazer]
* sympathetic magic: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_magic wiki], [http://www.bartleby.com/196/5.html Frazer]


Märkmeid Proppi teooriast:
Notes on Propp:
* [http://www.brown.edu/Courses/FR0133/Fairytale_Generator/gen.html muinasjutugeneraator]
* [http://changingminds.org/disciplines/storytelling/plots/propp/propp.htm narrateems]
* [http://changingminds.org/disciplines/storytelling/plots/propp/propp.htm narrateemid]
* [http://www.google.ee/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfki.de%2Fweb%2Fforschung%2Fiwi%2Fpublikationen%2FrenameFileForDownload%3Ffilename%3DLendvaietal_DH2010_final%255B1%255D.pdf%26file_id%3Duploads_640&ei=fi1STbShMs7rObX38esH&usg=AFQjCNE568lgOE28VOp7xthwfxCXOqTACA pftml]
* [http://clover.slavic.pitt.edu/sam/propp/praxis/results.html valik muinasjutte pftml-s välja toodud struktuuriga]


Märkmeid Viini ringist ja loogilisest positivismist:
Notes on the Vienna circle and logical positivism:
* Põhiseisukohad: "First, experience is the only source of knowledge; second, logical analysis performed with the help of symbolic logic is the preferred method for solving philosophical problems."
* Main ideas: "First, experience is the only source of knowledge; second, logical analysis performed with the help of symbolic logic is the preferred method for solving philosophical problems."
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction taust: analüütiline/sünteetiline, apriori/aposteriori]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction taust: analüütiline/sünteetiline, apriori/aposteriori]
* [[Klassikaline positivism kui taust]]: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism pikemalt siit]
* [[Klassikaline positivism kui taust|classical positivism as the background]]: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism more here]
* [http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/teaching/2008_145/Lecture04.pdf väike ülevaateloeng Viini ringist]
* [http://www.murzim.net/VC/VC00.html Vienna circle: good short overview] ja [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vienna-circle/ a longish paper from the Stanfordi encyclopedia of philosohy] and [https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/Phil_Sci_Core/Phil_Sci_Core_2022/docs/Vienna_Circle_manifesto_JDN.pdf Vienna circle manifesto]
* [http://www.murzim.net/VC/VC00.html Vienna circle: good short overview] ja [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vienna-circle/ põhjalik artikkel Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeediast] ning [http://gnadav.googlepages.com/TheScientificConceptionoftheWorldeng.doc Viini ringi manifest]
* [http://www.murzim.net/LP/LP00.html Logical positivism: good overview]
* [http://www.murzim.net/LP/LP00.html Logical positivism: good overview]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism wiki logical positivism]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism wiki logical positivism]


== Aju, mõistuse ja kultuuri areng ==
== Evolution of brain, intelligence and society ==


Sotsiobioloogia, evolutsioonipsühholoogia ja memeetika.
A highly recommended book: [https://mitpressbookstore.mit.edu/book/9780063286351 A Brief History of Intelligence: Evolution, AI, and the Five Breakthroughs That Made Our Brains]


Põhimaterjal:
Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and memetics.


* [[Media:Evolutsioon_4.pdf|Evolutsioon]]: loengumaterjal sissejuhatuseks. <font color="red">E</font>
Main material:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology Sotsiobioloogia wikis]. Lugeda.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology Evolutsioonipsühholoogia wikis]. <font color="red">E</font>. Lugeda. Samal teemal loe huvi korral põhjalikumalt [http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/primer.html primer] ja [http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/papers/bussconceptual05.pdf conceptual grounds]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics Memeetika wikis]. Lugeda. <font color="red">E</font>


Olulisi artikleid: lugeda.
* [[Media:Evolutsioon_4.pdf|Evolution]]: intro lecture.  <!-- <font color="red">L</font>  -->
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology Sociobiology in wikipedia]. <font color="red">E</font>.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology Evolutionary psychology in wikipedia]. <font color="red">E</font>. You may also want to read more details in [http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/primer.html primer] ja [http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/papers/bussconceptual05.pdf conceptual grounds]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics Memetics in wikipedia].  <font color="red">E</font>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_grammar Universal grammar] <font color="red">L</font> theory of Chomsky
Recommended overviews:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language wiki on the theories of origin of language]
* [https://www.newscientist.com/article/2078294-why-only-us-the-language-paradox/ overview of Chomsky theories of language evolution]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer wiki on horizontal gene transfer]


* [http://dl.dropbox.com/u/11794296/bbs.wilkins.html BRAIN EVOLUTION AND NEUROLINGUISTIC PRECONDITIONS] <font color="red">L</font>
Recommended books:
* [http://dl.dropbox.com/u/11794296/bbs.dunbar.html CO-EVOLUTION OF NEOCORTEX SIZE, GROUP SIZE AND LANGUAGE IN HUMANS] <font color="red">L</font>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene The Selfish Gene]
* [http://dl.dropbox.com/u/11794296/bbs.donald.html Precis of Origins of the Modern Mind:  Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition] <font color="red">L</font>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel Guns, Germs and Steel]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapiens:_A_Brief_History_of_Humankind Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Deus:_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow]
 
Important papers:
 
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/znoxehhhsmzpww2/bbs.wilkins.html?dl=0 BRAIN EVOLUTION AND NEUROLINGUISTIC PRECONDITIONS] <font color="red">L</font>
* [https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/1993/dunbar1993a.pdf pdf version] and textual: [https://www.dropbox.com/s/bpzxei7ke6zj4wq/bbs.dunbar.html?dl=0 CO-EVOLUTION OF NEOCORTEX SIZE, GROUP SIZE AND LANGUAGE IN HUMANS] <font color="red">L</font>
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/567gsegk7iksqy0/bbs.donald.html?dl=0 Precis of Origins of the Modern Mind:  Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition] <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://ds9a.nl/amazing-dna/index.html DNA seen through the eyes of a coder]
* [http://ds9a.nl/amazing-dna/index.html DNA seen through the eyes of a coder]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics Epigenetics] vt ka [http://io9.gizmodo.com/how-an-1836-famine-altered-the-genes-of-children-born-d-1200001177 seda artiklit]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics Epigenetics] vt ka [http://io9.gizmodo.com/how-an-1836-famine-altered-the-genes-of-children-born-d-1200001177 seda artiklit]


Märkmeid: artiklid, kogumikud ja muud. Ei ole kohustuslik lugemine.
Additional notes and recommendations, not obligatory:


* [http://dl.dropbox.com/u/11794296/naturallanguageandnatselection.pdf natural language and natural selection]
* [http://dl.dropbox.com/u/11794296/naturallanguageandnatselection.pdf natural language and natural selection]
189. rida: 195. rida:
* [http://www.pnas.org/content/89/16/7320.full.pdf John Eccles: Evolution of consciousness]
* [http://www.pnas.org/content/89/16/7320.full.pdf John Eccles: Evolution of consciousness]


== M&otilde;tlemine ja tehism&otilde;tlemine, l&otilde;pmatus ja piiratus. ==
== Brain science ==


<!--
[[Media:brain_science3.pdf|Intro material]] <!-- <font color="red">L</font> -->
Loengumaterjal:
* [[Media:Ai_philosophy.pdf|tehismõistuse filosoofia]] <font color="red">E</font>


* [[Media:infinity_undecidability.ppt|lõpmatus, lahenduvus ja mittelahenduvus]] <font color="red">E</font>
For exam:
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Mõtlemine ja tehismõtlemine üldpildina:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience <font color="red">L</font>
* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory <font color="red">L</font>
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind <font color="red">E</font>


* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence <font color="red">L</font>
Good general overviews:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects
* http://www.reddit.com/r/PhilosophyOfCS
* http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computer-science/


Mõtlemine ja tehismõtlemine: konkreetsemad küsimused
* [[Sissejuhatus: aju|background reading for further reading or listening about brain]]
* https://grey.colorado.edu/CompCogNeuro/index.php/CCNBook/Main
* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience
* [https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/neurons-are-more-complex-than-what-we-have-imagined-b3dd00a1dcd3 Neurons are Now More Complex than We Thought]


* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) Functionalism] <font color="red">E</font>
Important podcasts:
* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sj1gczQ-7K8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA177&dq=h+putnam&ots=NnodzjuQ0z&sig=UtnKA7ojLOwv1mJbos3FQBS2rVE#v=onepage&q=h%20putnam&f=false Putnam: is semiotics possible?]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Room chinese room] <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/ Freimiprobleem] <font color="red">E</font>
* [[symbol grounding]]
* [http://www.artificialbrains.com/openworm C elegans ja tema aju]
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains Wolpert: aju on liikumiseks]
* [http://www.smbc-comics.com/index.php?db=comics&id=2223#comic comic]
* [https://aeon.co/ideas/why-trying-to-simulate-the-human-brain-is-a-waste-of-energy simulating human brain is a waste of energy]


Lõpmatus ja lahenduvus:  
* [https://braininspired.co/ Brain Inspired: a podcast where neuroscience and AI converge]. A somewhat newer and somewhat technical podcast. Also based on interviews, but with currently active top researchers about their current work.
* [[Media:infinity_undecidability.pdf|lõpmatus, lahenduvus ja mittelahenduvus]] <font color="red">E</font> either this or read details about infinity and undecidability from other sources
* [https://brainsciencepodcast.com/ Brain science] (see also [http://brainsciencepodcast.com/episodes-page the episodes page]) : an old podcast series, still going strong. Basically interviews with important people in the field, many of them classics. Not very technical (mostly); [[look at the brain science podcasts to listen | recommended podcasts in BS, youtube lectures and background for these]]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality tehnilist wikipediast] <font color="red">L</font>
* Some of the [https://lexfridman.com/podcast/ Lex Fridman podcast] episodes are relevant, like  [https://lexfridman.com/jeff-hawkins/ Jeff Hawkins], [https://lexfridman.com/karl-friston/ Karl Friston], [https://lexfridman.com/david-eagleman/ David Eagleman]


== Semantika ja loogika. ==


Teemad:
General notes:
* [[Media:various_logics_3.pdf|mitteklassikalised loogikad]]. <font color="red">L</font> either read this material or read a short intro to non-classical logics from other sources.
* [[Media:modal_logics_3.pdf|modaalsed loogikad]] <font color="red">L</font> either read this material or read a short intro to modal logics from other sources.


Lugeda:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic loogika sissejuhatus wikipedias] <font color="red">L</font>
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Workspace_Theory
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother_cell


<!--
Read also:
Materjale klassikalise loogika kohta:


*[http://www.cs.miami.edu/%7Egeoff/Courses/CSC648-F04/Content/index.html Geoffi kursuse materjale]
* [https://www.gwern.net/Nootropics nootropics ]
-->
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/02/phantom-limbs-explain-consciousness/459780/ phantom limbs]


Materjale mitteklassikaliste loogikate kohta:
== Infinity, logic and philosophy of mathematics ==


* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic modaalsete loogikate ülevaade wikipedias]
The first topic is intro to the philosophy of mathematics, mainly the questions of infinity and unsolvability.  
<!-- * [[Media:erinevad_loogikad_kiirylevaade.ppt|loengus tehtud ülevaade]], -->
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/ Modaalse loogika filosoofilised põhiideed]
<!-- * [http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~katie/ Katie Atkinsioni] modaalse loogika materjalid -->
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic Intuitsionistliku loogika filosoofilised põhiideed] <font color="red">L</font>


== Semantika semantilises veebis ==
Materials to read:
* English intro: [[Media:infinity.pdf|infinity, limits of computation and undecidability]] <font color="red">E</font>
* in parallel, the same themes [[Media:Jarelsona_godel.pdf|supporting text]], written by the lecturer as an afterword to the book about Gödel's incompleteness theorems. You may try to use Google translate or some such for the English version: however, it is not a an obligagtory material.
* [[Media:Arvud_lopmatus_metafoorid.pdf|numbers, infinity and metaphors]] (in Estonian, very short, metaphorical)
* [https://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/knight/lectures/ordinals.pdf Ordinals: read from 6.2 Classifying the ordinals]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox Russell paradox from wikipedia]


* XML ja semantika suhted
Videos have heads down:
* Namespaced, URI-d, URN-d jms
* [https://echo360.org.uk/media/02389be1-ad57-43b6-b559-c90928b9d537/public Intro lecture: 6. oct 2022], in Estonian.
* RDF(S)  ja OWL
* [https://echo360.org.uk/media/3ad263f6-b30f-4772-98da-d508e180ffd7/public Seminar lecture: 6. oct 2022], in Estonian.
*  ontoloogiad


Hakatuseks baasmaterjale XML-st
More about infinity and computability:
* [http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/ XML 1.0 standard].
* [https://livettu.sharepoint.com/:v:/s/Semantikajaanaltilinefilosoofia/EYtoHwZ7eCpOpMyIYiHyLBoBOlNzNRdQ_At6bsC45oaILQ?e=tX76cP Salvestus teamsis, 13. oktoober], in Estonian.
* [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/  XML namespaces]
* [http://www.w3schools.com/xml/default.asp XML õpetus (w3schools)]


URI, URN, URL. Loe selles järjekorras:
Helpful read: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality cardinality wikipedias]. Read more about Gödel's incompleteness theorem [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel-incompleteness/#PhiImpAll from SEP]: a part of a larger
incompleteness-article.


* [http://www.w3.org/2002/11/dbooth-names/dbooth-names_clean.htm url tähenduse probleem] <font color="red">E</font>
A longer story about the
* [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt ametlik dokument uride kohta: vaata algust ja viska korraks järgnevale pilk peale]
[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-mathematics/ philosophy of mathematics] from SEP.
* [http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/identitycrisis.html ideid probleemi leevendamiseks, eeskätt topic maps kontekstis]
* [http://journal.info.unlp.edu.ar/journal/journal23/papers/JCST-Jul08-5.pdf]


Tutorialid:
Nonclassical logics, related to the philosophy of mathematics:


* [http://sise.ttu.ee/it/vorgutarkvara/wav4130/rdf.zip Detailne RDF tutorial]
* In Estonian: [[Media:mitteklassikaline_1_uuem.pdf|mitteklassikalised loogikad]]. [https://www.dropbox.com/s/qa4ujij3irc2ry8/mitteklassikaline_2_uuem.pptx?dl=0 Siin on pealeloetud jutuga variant]: <font color="red">E</font> downloadi ja vaata normaalses täisekraan-vaatamisreziimis, siis kuuled slaidide juures minu juttu.
* [http://sise.ttu.ee/it/vorgutarkvara/wav4130/rdfs.zip Detailne RDFS tutorial]
* A good technical read from SEP about [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/ intuitionist logic].
* [http://sise.ttu.ee/it/vorgutarkvara/wav4130/owl.zip Detailne OWL tutorial]
* Estonian material and videos about modal logics: [[Media:modaalsed_uuem.pdf|modaalsed loogikad]] <font color="red">L</font> ja vaata [https://livettu.sharepoint.com/:v:/s/Semantikajaanaltilinefilosoofia/EQQ926tp_WtChWiX7Ilt0xMBQPQzfuAo20_zlMcdb97raA?e=Di43Hv eelmise aasta teamsi salvestust samast loengust]
* Good half-hour presentations about [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FacUHU_gjPw axioms of modal logic] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3Jjw8oJqBk kripke semantics / possible worlds]. A more philosophical take available in the [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLz0n_SjOttTfP_liEHPNCzvESZsh5eirP series (playlist)] from the same author, but long. Additionally useful [http://flolac.iis.sinica.edu.tw/flolac09/lib/exe/modal_logic.pdf presentation] . SEP has good articles [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/ om modal logic] and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phil-multimodallogic/ related philosophy], both highly technical.


== Loomulik keel reaalsetes süsteemides ==


Dialoog ja pragmaatika:
* [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/pragmatics.htm ülevaade] <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gricean_maxims Grice dialoogimaksiimid] <font color="red">L</font>
<!--
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* [http://www.inform-fiction.org/I7Downloads/Documents/WhitePaper.pdf Natural Language, semantic analysis and interactive fiction]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic loogika sissejuhatus wikipedias] <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://www.inform-fiction.org/I7/Manual.html  Inform 7 manuaal]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.int-fiction/msg/ac0577fe70c636bc?&q=inform-7 Inform 7 kasutaja kommentaare]
-->
-->
* [http://eblong.com/zarf/if7/HandyKit/source.html Inform 7 mängunäide]
<!--
* [http://www.ainewsletter.com/downloads/if_docs/tutorial.htm Amzi tutorial]
Materjale klassikalise loogika kohta:
 
*[http://www.cs.miami.edu/%7Egeoff/Courses/CSC648-F04/Content/index.html Geoffi kursuse materjale]
-->
More on nonclassical logics:
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic modal logic in wikipeda]
<!-- * [[Media:erinevad_loogikad_kiirylevaade.ppt|loengus tehtud ülevaade]], -->
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/ philosophy around modal logic from SEP]
<!-- * [http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~katie/ Katie Atkinsioni] modaalse loogika materjalid -->
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic philosophy around intuitionistic logic from SEP] <font color="red">L</font>


Olulised probleemid:
== Thinking and AI ==
<!--
[https://echo360.org.uk/media/d619152c-fcde-4adc-8580-96b51e0c73f4/public video of a talk by the lecturer].
-->


* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.pdf Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence, McCarthy and Hayes.]
[[Media:ai_phil_notes_2.pdf|Notes for the overview talk]]
* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/leora/fp.ps The Problem with Solutions to the Frame Problem. L. Morgenstein]
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis479/projects/frame/a2.html Frame problem 2]
* [http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/pubpage.htm Dennetti artiklid]. V&otilde;rgus (osaliselt) vabalt.
* [http://www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~gudwin/semiotics/semiotics.html Semiootika ja intelligentsed s&uuml;steemid]


Huvitavaid dialoogsüsteeme:
Classic ideas about the main questions of AI philosophy (close to the questions about functionalism):


* [http://www.ai.sri.com/natural-language/projects/arpa-sls/commandtalk.html CommandTalk]
First, a somewhat old interview with a classic:
* Kopteri juhtimine: googelda WITAS Multi-Modal Dialogue System
* [https://lexfridman.com/steven-pinker/ Steven Pinker] from the [https://lexfridman.com/ai/ lex fridman ai podcast].


== Aju funktsioneerimine ==
Read the wiki pages of main issues:


[[Sissejuhatus: aju|background reading for further reading or listening about brain]]
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) Functionalism] <font color="red">E</font>
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artificial-intelligence/ SEP artikkel AI-st]: read partially, could be partially boring


Good general overviews:
Technical stuff from Graziano about neuroscience related to consciousness:
* https://grey.colorado.edu/CompCogNeuro/index.php/CCNBook/Main
* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience


from the latter read that in particular:
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Graziano/publication/51830764_Human_consciousness_and_its_relationship_to_social_neuroscience_A_novel_hypothesis/links/570537ab08aef745f71736d2/Human-consciousness-and-its-relationship-to-social-neuroscience-A-novel-hypothesis.pdf Graziano on consciousness and neuroscience]
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory <font color="red">L</font>
<!-- * [[symbol grounding]]-->


Read also:
Detailed arguments and counterarguments for the
* [https://www.gwern.net/Nootropics nootropics ]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Room chinese room] <font color="red">L</font>
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/02/phantom-limbs-explain-consciousness/459780/ phantom limbs]


Podcasts to listen, see also http://brainsciencepodcast.com/episodes-page
Some good core stuff


<b>Randy Gallistel</b>
* For starters [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks Rodney Brooks's] small AI series [https://rodneybrooks.com/forai-steps-toward-super-intelligence-i-how-we-got-here/ part 1], [https://rodneybrooks.com/forai-steps-toward-super-intelligence-ii-beyond-the-turing-test/ part 2] , [https://rodneybrooks.com/forai-steps-toward-super-intelligence-iii-hard-things-today/ part 3] ,  [https://rodneybrooks.com/forai-steps-toward-super-intelligence-iv-things-to-work-on-now/ part 4]  and predictions [https://rodneybrooks.com/predictions-scorecard-2020-january-01/ scorecard 2020], [https://rodneybrooks.com/predictions-scorecard-2024-january-01/ scorecard 2024]


computational brain
* Importantly, two interesting essays by Rodney Brooks from 2023 [https://rodneybrooks.com/what-will-transformers-transform/ What Will Transformers Transform?] <font color="red">L</font> and [https://rodneybrooks.com/three-things-that-llms-have-made-us-rethink/ Three Things That LLMs Have Made Us Rethink] <font color="red">L</font>


66-bsp-Gallistel.mp3
* Listen to [https://lexfridman.com/stuart-russell/ Stuart Russell on AI dangers] <!-- and in contrast, the 2016 presentation by Maciej Ceglowski] -->


* start at min 10
<!--
* at min 20 go to min 30 32
* Neurorehkenduste ja sümbolrehkenduste vaidluse teemal vaata [https://youtu.be/EeqwFjqFvJA Yoshua Bengio ja Gary Marcuse diskussiooni] ja detailsemalt hübriididest [https://lexfridman.com/gary-marcus/ Gary Marcuse episoodi] AI podcastist ja vastupidi, õppimisest [https://lexfridman.com/david-silver/ David Silveri episoodi] Alphago, Alphazero jms teemadel.


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Randy_Gallistel
* Praktilise AI ehitamise teemal kuula [https://lexfridman.com/david-ferrucci/ David Ferrucci] ibm watsoni episoodi ja veel praktilisemalt protsessoritest [https://lexfridman.com/jim-keller/ Jim Kelleri episoodi "Moore’s Law, Microprocessors, Abstractions, and First Principles"]
-->
<b>Chris Frith</b>


how our brain generates our mental world
Living classics from the lex fridman podcast:
* https://lexfridman.com/david-ferrucci/
* https://lexfridman.com/gary-marcus/
* https://lexfridman.com/david-silver/
* https://lexfridman.com/tomaso-poggio/
* https://lexfridman.com/richard-dawkins/
* https://lexfridman.com/noam-chomsky/
* https://lexfridman.com/nick-bostrom/
* https://lexfridman.com/jeff-hawkins/
* https://lexfridman.com/judea-pearl/


57-bsp-Frith.mp3
<!--
Kõrvalpõikena Radu "Boltzmanni aju" ettekandele viide minu vanale kirjutisele Akadeemias [https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/download/161635 "Radikaalne skeptitsism kui antroopsusprintsiip mikrokosmoses"] pdf lk 144.


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Frith
Teise kõrvalpõikena [https://weightagnostic.github.io/papers/turing1948.pdf Turing 1948 tehisintellektist]


<b>Christoph Koch</b>
Kolmanda kõrvalpõikena [http://nautil.us/issue/83/intelligence/how-to-make-sense-of-quantum-physics superconnectedness] idee.


neural correlates of consciousness and  panspychism
Neljanda kõrvalpõikena https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639724v1.full.pdf
-->
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Loengumaterjal:
* [[Media:Ai_philosophy.pdf|tehismõistuse filosoofia]] <font color="red">E</font>


22-bsp-koch.mp3
* [[Media:infinity_undecidability.ppt|lõpmatus, lahenduvus ja mittelahenduvus]] <font color="red">E</font>
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<!--
Mõtlemine ja tehismõtlemine üldpildina:


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence <font color="red">L</font>
* http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-consciousness-universal/
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects
* http://www.wired.com/2013/11/christof-koch-panpsychism-consciousness/
* http://www.reddit.com/r/PhilosophyOfCS
* http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computer-science/


Problems for panpsychism:
Mõtlemine ja tehismõtlemine: konkreetsemad küsimused
* http://consc.net/papers/combination.pdf


<b>Steven Pinker</b>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) Functionalism] <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sj1gczQ-7K8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA177&dq=h+putnam&ots=NnodzjuQ0z&sig=UtnKA7ojLOwv1mJbos3FQBS2rVE#v=onepage&q=h%20putnam&f=false Putnam: is semiotics possible?]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Room chinese room] <font color="red">L</font>
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/ Freimiprobleem] <font color="red">E</font>
* [[symbol grounding]]
* [http://www.artificialbrains.com/openworm C elegans ja tema aju]
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains Wolpert: aju on liikumiseks]
* [http://www.smbc-comics.com/index.php?db=comics&id=2223#comic comic]
* [https://aeon.co/ideas/why-trying-to-simulate-the-human-brain-is-a-waste-of-energy simulating human brain is a waste of energy]
-->


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker
== Semantics of natural language ==
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gen2p-9DvFE old Steven Pinker talk
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkSNDN871TQ a newer Steven Pinker talk
* https://www.google.ee/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjG64fBtrvMAhUCDSwKHeY9At8QFghWMAk&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhampshirehigh.com%2Fexchange2012%2Fdocs%2FSteven%2520Pinker%2520-%2520How%2520The%2520Mind-Works.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHvBkROIjvAGTmbIg-8WYluIVQykg&sig2=I3MuU6zpPXNvZ1u5UuLTyw Steven Pinker: how the brain works
* http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n02/jerry-fodor/the-trouble-with-psychological-darwinism Fodor vs Pinker


<b>Gary Lynch</b>
We will look into both


Psychiatry & neurobiology & brain plasticity
* Vector semantics
* Semantics based on world model


* http://www.anatomy.uci.edu/lynch.html
Details will be added when the block starts
* http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-memoryfirst19aug19-htmlstory.html
* http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/brain-evolution-with-gary-lynch-phd-bsp-48.html
* see also smell & memory:
** https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-babble/201501/smells-ring-bells-how-smell-triggers-memories-and-emotions
** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vY-HbcPInXw
** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_memory


<b>Jeff Hawkins</b>
== Dialog, pragmatics, uncertain knowledge ==


Computational hierarchical brain model HTM


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins
The first subject is dialogue pragmatics. Several related branches (have a brief look, but no need to read deeply unless you become interested):
* http://numenta.com/company/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory like https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyD0kNZnaAk
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXP-63sZM_o


<b>Patricia Churchland</b>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act Speech acts] <font color="red">L</font> sentences doing something, not just conveying information
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicature Implicature] <font color="red">L</font> with Grice's maxims as a central theme
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_theory Relevance theory] further development of Grice's maxims


Neurophilosophy
To start, <b>certainly</b> look/listen these short lectures:
* [https://www.coursera.org/lecture/human-language/pragmatics-E8VXH pragmatics and speech acts] 11 minutes intro to the whole subject
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGJGIWqnSFY Grice's Maxims, Implicature, Presupposition]: especially nice 12 minute more detailed lecture about Grice maxims
* [http://philosophybites.com/2015/03/jonathan-webber-on-deceiving-with-words.html Deceiving with words] in case you did not listen before, do it now!


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland
In case you just want to read original Grice:
* http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/2009/3/13/neurophilosophy-with-patricia-churchland-bsp-55.html
* [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/studypacks/Grice-Logic.pdf Logic and conversation]: Grice himself about the maxims
* [https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/453/GriceLogicDisplay.pdf further examples], analyzed quite deeply


Have a look at
<!--
* See ei ole enam kättesaadav, seega ei lähe eksamisse: [http://classes.ischool.syr.edu/ist664/NLPSpring2013/Pragmatics.2013.ppt.pdf presentatsioon kogu teemast] <font color="red">E</font> (<b>loe aeglaselt</b>) teatud fookusega automatiseerimisele
-->
* [https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/publications/WPL/02papers/wilson_sperber.pdf Relevance theory, ie further development]: 32 pages by main folks working on the subject
* Jurafsky & Martin [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/26.pdf chapter 26 Dialogue Systems and Chatbots] the practical pre-LLM systems from their extremely good NLP book


<b> General notes </b>
Additionally, nice to listen and :


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience
* NLP podcasti [https://soundcloud.com/nlp-highlights/89-dialog-systems-with-zhou-yu episode 89 about pre-LLM dialog systems]
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind
* [http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/fox/class_1.pdf  Implicature Calculation, Pragmatics or Syntax, or both]: more detailed analysis of implicature
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Workspace_Theory
* [https://web.stanford.edu/class/linguist236/implicature/materials/ling236-handout-04-02-implicature.pdf implicature] with experiments
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother_cell
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237265090_Dialogue_pragmatics_and_context_specification very detailed] with some focus on automatization
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatics/ dialogue pragmatics from SEP]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ implicature from SEP]


= Ettekanded =


Esimese ringi valikuks [https://www.raamatukoi.ee/cgi-bin/raamat?1503 raamatust] (samu artikleid originaalis leiad veebist otsides):
The next theme is uncertain information and probabilities: how to understand, write down and make conjectures.


14 veeb tehtud:
<!--
General intro [http://lambda.ee/wiki/Teadmiste_formaliseerimine#Lecture_12:_numeric_reasoning_with_uncertainty:_8_May_and_the_following_week here] as a part of [http://lambda.ee/wiki/Teadmiste_formaliseerimine this course].
-->


* Putnam: tähendus ja osutus. Mihkel Väli. 14. veeb.
<!--
* Quine: empirismi kaks dogmat. Johannes Ehala. 14. veeb.
[https://livettu.sharepoint.com/:v:/s/Semantikajaanaltilinefilosoofia/EQr-U8TipaBAjeyyFH8fu50Blkm2Rw7uRP-we7SwGuKXfQ?e=9AvBwd Loengusalvestus: tõenäosused ja erandid]
* Kripke. Reegleist ja privaatkeelest. Toomas Talviste. 14 veeb.
-->


23 veeb plaanis:
Read this intro: <b>[[Numeric uncertainty]]</b> (<font color="red">L</font> as explained next):
* Certainly up the the section "Different ways to encode confidences in logic", also looking at the wikipages pointed to
* Briefly look into the following sections, but do not focus or spend much time on these. The [[Numeric uncertainty]] intro was originally made for [http://lambda.ee/wiki/Teadmiste_formaliseerimine this course].


* Dummett: Tõde. Tõnis Suurkaev. 23. veeb.
Then read the first parts and have brief looks at the SEP articles:
* Tarski: semantiline tõekontseptsioon. Siim Kirme. 23. veeb.
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/probability-interpret/ Interpretations of Probability]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-probability/ Logic and Probability]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/ Probabilistic Causation]


* Strawson: Tähendus ja tõde. Priit Trink. 23. veeb.
Here are some of our papers on our system, about [https://logictools.org/confer/ confidence] and [https://logictools.org/gk/ reasoning with exceptions].
<!--


7. märts (teisip):
Dialog and pragmatics:
* [http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/pragmatics.htm overview] <font color="red">E</font>
* [http://eblong.com/zarf/if7/HandyKit/source.html Inform 7 game example]
* [http://www.ainewsletter.com/downloads/if_docs/tutorial.htm Amzi tutorial]


* Ramsey subjektiivne tõenäosusteooria. Einar Kivisalu.
Important problems
* Evolution of morals. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-edward-wilson-on-the-formation-of-morals-a-884767.html alusta siit] ja otsi ise edasi Allan Tart.
* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.pdf Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence, McCarthy and Hayes.]
* Nick Boström "are we living in simulation".  http://www.simulation-argument.com/ and http://www.nickbostrom.com/ Johannes Ehala
* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/leora/fp.ps The Problem with Solutions to the Frame Problem. L. Morgenstein]
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis479/projects/frame/a2.html Frame problem 2]
* [http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/pubpage.htm Dennetti artiklid]. V&otilde;rgus (osaliselt) vabalt.
* [http://www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~gudwin/semiotics/semiotics.html Semiootika ja intelligentsed s&uuml;steemid]


9 märts (neljap):
Huvitavaid dialoogsüsteeme:


* Grice: tähendus. Martin Väljaots.  
* [http://www.ai.sri.com/natural-language/projects/arpa-sls/commandtalk.html CommandTalk]
* Frege: Frege tähendusest ja osutusest. Vladislav Shikirjavõi.  
* Kopteri juhtimine: googelda WITAS Multi-Modal Dialogue System
* Dennett: kvaalide kvainimine (quining qualia). Juhani Tali
-->


14. märts (teisip):
<!--
= Ettekanded =


* Davidson: Tõde ja tähendus. Jevgeni Marenkov.
Ideid esimese ringi valikuks [https://www.raamatukoi.ee/cgi-bin/raamat?1503 raamatust] (samu artikleid originaalis leiad veebist otsides):
* Dennett. Keele ja intelligentsuse seostest. The role of language in intelligence. Kaugerand
-->
* Anthropic principle and the Boltzmann brain. Riivo Mägi.


21. märts (teisip):
= Recommended podcasts =


* CO-EVOLUTION OF NEOCORTEX SIZE, GROUP SIZE AND LANGUAGE IN HUMANS. Pluss otsi samal teemal teiste mõtteid/arendusi. Kaugerand.
* [https://thegradientpub.substack.com/s/podcast The Gradient]: a good AI podcast, relatively deep, several philosophical themes / episodes. Discontinued, but archives present.
* Ordinaalid ja kardinaalid. Gregor Johannson. 14 märts (teisip)
* [https://braininspired.co Brain Inspired]: real neuroscience with focus on AI related themes.
* http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428661.200-the-argumentative-ape-why-were-wired-to-persuade.html?full=true Siim Kirme.
* [https://philosophybites.com/ Philosophy bites]: real philosophers conveying ideas rather clearly in ca 15 minutes
* [https://podbay.fm/p/robinsons-podcast/ Robinsons podcast]: Really good stuff with famous philosophers and related thinkers. One example: [https://podbay.fm/p/robinsons-podcast/e/1692547200 Donald Hoffman].
* [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes Making sense] by Sam Harris sometimes does deep interviews with philosophers, like the following <b>highly recommended</b> [https://samharris.org/episode/SEF4786499D Andy Clark] episode (predictive brain, embodied cognition, and the extended mind) full version. If that does not work for some reason, check out the shorter version [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/322-predicting-reality here].
* Highly popular [https://lexfridman.com/ai/ Lex Fridman podcast] has sometimes deep interviews with AI and comp sci peaople. Specifically about  AI I'd recommend some widely different views from [https://lexfridman.com/francois-chollet-2 Francois Chollet], [https://lexfridman.com/yann-lecun-2 Yann LeCun], [https://lexfridman.com/gary-marcus Gary Marcus], [https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis Demis Hassabis], [https://lexfridman.com/ilya-sutskever Ilya Sutskever], [https://lexfridman.com/ben-goertzel Ben Goertzel].
* The [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/ Mindscape podcast] of an important physicist has often quite philosophically interesting or cognitive science and AI interviews. Some recommendations: Blaise Agüera y Arcas, David Krakauer, Christoph Adami, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Yejin Choi, Hugo Mercier, Andrew Pontzen.


23. märts (neljapäev):
= Presentation schedule =


* Intuitsionistlik loogika: näited teoreemidest, mis kehtivad klassikaliselt, kuid mitte intuitsionistlikult. Näiteid tõestustest, millel lihtne klassikaline, kuid keeruline intuitsionistlik tõestus. Alustuseks vaata ja kasuta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_proof Toomas Talviste.
Time for each seminar: 09:30 - 11:45.
* Dennett: The Cultural Evolution of Words and Other Thinking Tools. symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/435.full.pdf  Liisi Mõtshärg.
* How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with [http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate this TED lecture] Ragnar Pääslane.  


4. aprill (teisip):
* Until 9. October: normal-length talks, ca 25 min each.
* From 16. October: short talks, 15 min each: 10 min talk and 5 min questions.
* The seminars are overbooked, since some presenters cannot attend. If we run out of time, the remaining talks go first at the next seminar.
* If you cannot attend, write to Tanel: your talk moves to a later seminar.
* ''(P)'' marks a proposed theme. You may propose a different theme for the same date: write to Tanel.
* The links after each talk are starting points. Search for more material yourself.


* Symbol grounding problem: vaata vikipeedia, kontsentreerud ühele/kahele artiklile, ntx Harnad, S. (1990) The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D 42: 335-346.Riivo Mägi.
== 18. September (done) ==
* "DNA through the eyes of a coder" ja seonduv, alusta https://ds9a.nl/amazing-dna/ ja jätka https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6909711 ja https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/1snks5/dna_through_the_eyes_of_a_coder_updated_since/cdzzttg/ ja otsi ise analoogilistel teemadel edasi. Juhani Tali.
* Memeetikast valida kas "Climate meme project" ülevaade, meetodid ja tulemused või "memetic algorithms", mis nad on, nende seos evolutsioonilise rehkendamisega (ja mis see on). Allan Tart.


6. aprill (neljapäev):
* '''Erik''': Putnam: meaning and reference <small>[http://web.archive.org/web/20240412001306/https://danielwharris.com/teaching/364online/weeks/3/Putnam.pdf paper], [https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/453/PutnamDisplay.pdf overview]</small>
* '''Bauka''': Dennett: quining qualia <small>[https://web-archive.southampton.ac.uk/cogprints.org/254/ text]</small>
* '''Juhan''': Wittgenstein: Tractatus vs Philosophical Investigations <small>[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5740 Tractatus], [https://sophoslogos.wordpress.com/2014/08/17/the-early-and-later-philosophy-of-wittgenstein/ early vs late]</small>
* '''Teele''': Frege: sense and reference <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/ SEP]</small>
* '''Pavel''': Pragmatism <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/ SEP]</small>


* Frame problem in AI. Start with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem and continue to find additional materials and examples. Ilja Umov.
== 25. September (done) ==
* Mirror Neurons mh alustuseks brain science podcast 35 Mirror Neurons ja podcast 39 (Discusses the role of mirror neurons in imitation and language) pluss googelda veidi juurde. Triin Korjus.
* Philosophy of Metzinger: [http://media.libsyn.com/media/brainsciencepodcast/67-BSP-Metzinger.mp3 first, buy the Metzinger podcast], read background [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Self_models Self models] and also look at [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=9181 video lecture] Jevgeni Marenkov.


11. aprill: teisipäev
* '''Wessel''': Quine: two dogmas of empiricism <small>[http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html text], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism wiki]</small>
* '''Annika''': Anil Seth on consciousness <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/10/11/168-anil-seth-on-emergence-information-and-consciousness/ podcast]</small>
* '''Ulrik''': Tarski: the semantic conception of truth <small>[https://sites.ualberta.ca/~francisp/Phil426/TarskiTruth1944.pdf paper], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tarski-truth/ SEP]</small>
* '''Huzaifa''': Homeostasis and brain science (Damasio) <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolution-of-humanity/ podcast]</small>
* '''Dmitri''': Paul Grice: meaning and implicature <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/grice/ SEP], [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/studypacks/Grice-Logic.pdf Grice]</small>


== 2. October (done) ==


* http://www.reddit.com/r/Neuropsychology/comments/myznt/neuroimaging_auditory_hallucinations_and_the/ Jevgeni Marenkov. Otsi ja loe kommentaare ja diskussioone juurde!
* '''Alex''': Philosophy of mathematics: infinity and logic <small>[[Media:infinity.pdf|notes]]</small>
* http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15brain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 Martin Väljaots.
* '''Kristel''': Randy Gallistel on memory <small>[https://braininspired.co/podcast/126/ podcast]</small>
* '''Erik''': How bacteria communicate <small>[https://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_how_bacteria_talk TED]</small>


20 aprill (neljap):
== 9. October ==


* Aja esitamise teema. Johannes Ehala.
* '''Huzaifa''': Kripke: rigid designators and gender terms (first, since travelling next week) <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rigid-designators/ SEP], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity Naming and Necessity], [https://philarchive.org/rec/DEMRTO-2 Dembroff]</small>
* Making the truth stick and the myths fade: lessions from cognitive psychology. Tõnis Suurkaev.
* '''Hanna''': Neurons are more complex than we thought (moved from 2. Oct) <small>[https://www.quantamagazine.org/neural-dendrites-reveal-their-computational-power-20200114/ Quanta], [https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/neurons-are-more-complex-than-what-we-have-imagined-b3dd00a1dcd3 blog]</small>
* '''Parviz''': Mike Frank: early language and cognition <small>[https://braininspired.co/podcast/171/ podcast], [https://langcog.stanford.edu/papers_new/goodman-2016-tics.pdf paper 1], [https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yhrb4 paper 2]</small>
* '''Andreas''': Donald Hoffman: the interface theory of perception <small>[https://podbay.fm/p/robinsons-podcast/e/1692547200 podcast], [https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0890-8 paper]</small>
* '''Timofei''': Andy Clark: predictive brain, embodied cognition, extended mind <small>[https://samharris.org/episode/SEF4786499D podcast], [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/322-predicting-reality short version]</small>
* '''Henry''': Chomsky's theories of language <small>[https://podbay.fm/p/robinsons-podcast/e/1679583620 Robinson], [https://lexfridman.com/noam-chomsky Fridman], [https://lexfridman.com/edward-gibson critique]</small>
* '''Pavel''': Solipsism <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism wiki], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_solipsism methodological], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalism externalism]</small>


25 aprill (teisip):
== 16. October ==


* esitati 20 aprilli ettekanded.
* '''Roman S.''': Altruism and the evolution of morals (moved from 2. Oct) <small>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-edward-wilson-on-the-formation-of-morals-a-884767.html Wilson], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_morality wiki], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism_(biology) altruism]</small>
* Drops out: '''Annabel''': Nelson Goodman <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goodman/ SEP], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_riddle_of_induction new riddle of induction]</small>
* '''Bauka''': Kahneman: system 1 and system 2 <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow book], [https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/kahnemann-lecture.pdf Nobel lecture], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_theory prospect theory]</small>
* Moved to 23 Oct: '''Hanna''': Are we living in a simulation? (Bostrom) <small>[https://simulation-argument.com/ site], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis wiki]</small>
* '''Elina''': Neuroimaging, auditory hallucinations and the bicameral mind <small>[http://www.reddit.com/r/Neuropsychology/comments/myznt/neuroimaging_auditory_hallucinations_and_the/ reddit], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_mentality wiki]</small>
* Moved to 23 Oct: '''Dmitri''': Confirmation bias <small>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428661-200-the-argumentative-ape-why-were-wired-to-persuade/ New Scientist], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias wiki], [https://www.dan.sperber.fr/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/MercierSperberWhydohumansreason.pdf Mercier, Sperber]</small>
* Moved to 23 Oct: '''Viktoria''': Mirror neurons <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron wiki], [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230 review], [https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21189 critique]</small>
* Moved to 23 Oct:  '''Kati''': Frame problem <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/ SEP], [https://folk.idi.ntnu.no/gamback/teaching/TDT4138/dennett84.pdf Dennett], [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/leora/fp.pdf Morgenstern]</small>


2. mai (teisip):
== 23. October: classical philosophy and semiotics, evolution, ideas about the world ==
* Memeetiline algoritm. Allan Tart.
* Loomuliku keele dialoogisüsteem droonide/autode jne  või nende parvede juhtimiseks: googelda näitena WITAS Multi-Modal Dialogue System. Konkreetselt vaata ka http://www.ai.sri.com/natural-language/projects/arpa-sls/commandtalk.html vaata dialoogi UAV-ga http://www2.cvl.isy.liu.se/ScOut/Publications/Papers/doherty00.pdf ja samast https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221488300_The_WITAS_multi-modal_dialogue_system_I ja [[Media:witaschopperthesis.pdf]],[[Media:witaschopper.pdf]] Einar Kivisalu.
* Droonide ja riistvara jne juhtimine ajuimpulssidega: state of the art praegu. Priit Trink.


* '''Elina''': Strawson: meaning and truth (moved from 25. Sept) <small>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/101020068/Strawson-Meaning-and-Truth text], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strawson/ SEP], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XJ5k4GY83E video]</small>
* '''Valdur''': From Propp's morphology of the folktale to Lotman's semiosphere <small>[http://changingminds.org/disciplines/storytelling/plots/propp/propp.htm Propp], [https://doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2005.33.1.09 Lotman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiosphere semiosphere]</small>
* '''Denis''': Kant's theory of judgement <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-judgment/ SEP], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction analytic/synthetic]</small>
* '''Kalev''': Memetics <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics wiki], [http://www.agner.org/cultsel/toc.php Fog], [https://lexfridman.com/richard-dawkins/ Dawkins]</small>
* '''Yuliia''': Judea Pearl on causality <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2022/05/09/196-judea-pearl-on-cause-and-effect/ podcast], [https://lexfridman.com/judea-pearl Fridman], [http://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/jp_home.html homepage]</small>
* '''Eeva-Merike''': Anthropic principle <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology/#AnthReasMult SEP], [https://sseh.uchicago.edu/doc/Carter_Phil_Trans_1983.pdf Carter]</small>
* Drops out: '''Juhan''': Chalmers: the hard problem of consciousness, and could a large language model be conscious? ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/the-light-of-the-mind Harris], [https://consc.net/papers/facing.pdf hard problem], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.07103 LLM]</small>
* '''Dimitrios''': Panpsychism and Philip Goff ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/11/04/71-philip-goff-on-consciousness-everywhere/ podcast], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/ SEP]</small>


4. mai (neljap):
== 30. October: logic and philosophy of mathematics ==
* Research and give an overview of the state of the art in machine translation: top systems, their capacity and the main principles of how they work. Include also statistical principles in machine translation a la Google. Jevgeni Marenkov.
* Facebooki dialoogsüsteemide ja loomuliku keele research, alustuseks vaata https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604117/facebooks-perfect-impossible-chatbot/ ja https://research.fb.com/category/natural-language-processing-and-speech/ Ilja Umov.
*  Ilmnev käitumine neurotaduse kontekstis, mõiste ja sisu. Jaanus Kaugerand.


9 mai (teisip):
* '''Wessel''': Intuitionism <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intuitionism/ SEP], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/ SEP logic], [https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2017-54-03/S0273-0979-2016-01556-4/ Bauer]</small>
* '''Eeva-Merike''': Intuitionistic logic: theorems and proofs that differ from classical logic ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic wiki], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_proof constructive proof], [https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/square-root-2-irrational.html sqrt 2]</small>
* '''Alex''': Kripke semantics of modal logics ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FacUHU_gjPw video 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3Jjw8oJqBk video 2], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/ SEP]</small>
* '''Viktoria''': Russell's paradox and the foundations of mathematics ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell-paradox/ SEP], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-mathematics/ SEP phil. of math]</small>
* '''Bauka''': Where does mathematics come from? Lakoff and Núñez's embodied mathematics vs Wigner's "unreasonable effectiveness" ''(P)'' <small>[[Media:Arvud_lopmatus_metafoorid.pdf|Tanel's notes (in Estonian)]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From Lakoff, Núñez], [https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/wigner.pdf Wigner]</small>
* '''Roman K.''': Undecidability: the halting problem and limits of computation ''(P)'' <small>[[Media:infinity.pdf|notes]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem wiki]</small>
* '''Ergo''': Max Tegmark and the mathematical universe ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/12/02/75-max-tegmark-on-reality-simulation-and-the-multiverse/ podcast], [https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646 paper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis wiki]</small>


* Frame problemi ülevaate teine osa / täpsustused. Ilja Umov.
== 6. November: brain science and evolution ==
* Neuroteaduse vaatenurgad mälu funktsioneerimise kohta, alustuseks vt https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory . Jaanus Kaugerand.
* Tuleb 16 mai: [https://www.dropbox.com/s/znoxehhhsmzpww2/bbs.wilkins.html?dl=0 BRAIN EVOLUTION AND NEUROLINGUISTIC PRECONDITIONS]. Gregor Johannson.


* '''Kristel''': Karl Friston and the free energy principle ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2020/03/09/87-karl-friston-on-brains-predictions-and-free-energy/ podcast], [https://lexfridman.com/karl-friston/ Fridman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_principle wiki]</small>
* '''Ulrik''': Global workspace theory of consciousness ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_workspace_theory wiki], [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.026 review]</small>
* '''Parviz''': Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology sociobiology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology ev. psychology], [http://web.archive.org/web/20191221070954/https://www.cep.ucsb.edu/primer.html primer]</small>
* '''Teele''': Dawkins: The selfish gene ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene wiki], [https://lexfridman.com/richard-dawkins/ Fridman]</small>
* Drops out: '''Annabel''': Dunbar: co-evolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans ''(P)'' <small>[https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/1993/dunbar1993a.pdf paper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number Dunbar's number]</small>
* '''Ruslan''': Symbolic interactionism ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mead/ SEP Mead]</small>
* '''Mansoor''': Computational theory of mind ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/ SEP]</small>
* '''Roman K.''': Metzinger: the self-model theory ''(P)'' <small>[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Self_models Scholarpedia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger wiki]</small>


11 mai (neljap) ärajäänud seminari asemel:
== 13. November: thinking and AI: classic arguments ==


* Randy Gallistel: computational brain (ja sarnasel teemal)Vaata üleval podcasti http://brainsciencepodcast.com/ sarjast ja otsi mujalt. Johannes Ehala.
* '''Parviz''': Turing's "Computing machinery and intelligence" and the Turing test after LLMs ''(P)'' <small>[https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238 Turing], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/ SEP], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.23674 LLMs]</small>
* Eelmine teisip ärajäänud asemel: [https://www.dropbox.com/s/znoxehhhsmzpww2/bbs.wilkins.html?dl=0 BRAIN EVOLUTION AND NEUROLINGUISTIC PRECONDITIONS]. Gregor Johannson.
* '''Dimitrios''': Functionalism ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/ SEP]</small>
* Drops out: '''Juhan''': Searle's Chinese room ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/ SEP]</small>
* '''Valdur''': Do LLMs have beliefs? Dennett's intentional stance vs probing models for "truth directions" ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance intentional stance], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18865 truth directions], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06824 geometry of truth]</small>
* '''Timofei''': Hubert Dreyfus: what computers can't do ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus%27s_views_on_artificial_intelligence wiki], [http://leidlmair.at/doc/WhyHeideggerianAIFailed.pdf Dreyfus 2007]</small>
* '''Alex''': Systematicity: Fodor and Pylyshyn vs the limits of transformers ''(P)'' <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/ SEP], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18654 Faith and Fate], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.00184 multiplication]</small>
* '''Ulrik''': Neurosymbolic AI after LLMs: LLMs with solvers and verifiers ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01817 LLM-Modulo], [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06747-5 AlphaGeometry], [https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/ai-solves-imo-problems-at-silver-medal-level/ AlphaProof]</small>
* '''Ergo''': Alison Gopnik: LLMs as cultural technologies ''(P)'' <small>[https://simons.berkeley.edu/news/stone-soup-ai Stone soup AI], [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt9819 Science]</small>


16 mai (teisip):
== 20. November: thinking and AI: current AI ==


* Seleta erinevusi ja põhimõtteid nende lähenemiste vahel: neural networks, deep learning ja HTM (Jeff Hawkins) ning teooriaid nende sarnasuse või erinevuste osas bioloogilise aju osadega. Alustuseks/sissejuhatuseks vaata https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11883490 ja https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory ja ntx https://www.quora.com/How-does-deep-learning-work-and-how-is-it-different-from-normal-neural-networks-applied-with-SVM . Ragnar Pääslane.
* '''Viktoria''': Chollet: "On the measure of intelligence" and the ARC benchmark ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547 paper], [https://lexfridman.com/francois-chollet-2 Fridman], [https://arcprize.org/arc-agi ARC]</small>
* Mis on õppimismeetodite progressi põhjused ehk põhjuste olulisused? Vt alustuseks http://www.andreykurenkov.com/writing/a-brief-history-of-neural-nets-and-deep-learning/ ja
* '''Kristel''': Do LLMs build world models? LeCun vs the opposing claims ''(P)'' <small>[https://openreview.net/forum?id=BZ5a1r-kVsf LeCun], [https://lexfridman.com/yann-lecun-2 Fridman], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.13382 Othello-GPT]</small>
http://beamandrew.github.io/deeplearning/2017/02/23/deep_learning_101_part1.html ja https://www.technologyreview.com/s/540001/teaching-machines-to-understand-us/
* '''Anton''': Rodney Brooks on what transformers / LLMs can and cannot do ''(P)'' <small>[https://rodneybrooks.com/what-will-transformers-transform/ essay 1], [https://rodneybrooks.com/three-things-that-llms-have-made-us-rethink/ essay 2], [https://rodneybrooks.com/predictions-scorecard-2026-january-01/ scorecard]</small>
* Varem ärajäänu asemel: Embodied intelligence. Alustuseks brain science podcastid Rolf Pfeifer, on embodied intelligence ja Arthur Glenberg, the role of embodied cognition in language and reading. Allan Tart.
* '''Yuliia''': Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor? <small>[https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005268 paper]</small>
* '''Annika''': Consciousness in AI: indicator properties (Butlin et al.) ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08708 paper]</small>
* '''Kati''': Computational irreducibility and compatibilism ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.12033 paper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_irreducibility irreducibility], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compatibilism/ SEP compatibilism]</small>
* '''Parviz''': AI existential risk: the main points of Yudkowsky and Soares, "If anyone builds it, everyone dies" (2025) ''(P)'' <small>[https://ifanyonebuildsit.com/ book], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Anyone_Builds_It,_Everyone_Dies wiki], [https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/uMQ3cqWDPHhjtiesc/agi-ruin-a-list-of-lethalities AGI Ruin]</small>
* '''Dimitrios''': Alignment faking and scheming in current LLMs: evidence for AI risk? ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14093 paper], [https://www.anthropic.com/research/alignment-faking summary], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04984 scheming]</small>


18 mai (neljap):
== 27. November: semantics of natural language ==


* Steven Pinkeri vaated mõistusele ja keelele. Vaata alustuseks ülalt linke Pinkeri materjalidele. Vladislav Shikirjavõi.
* '''Henry''': Vector semantics and the distributional hypothesis ''(P)'' <small>[https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/5.pdf Jurafsky-Martin], [https://p.migdal.pl/blog/2017/01/king-man-woman-queen-why/ king - man + woman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional_semantics wiki]</small>
* Varem ärajäänu asemel: Loomade kommunikatsioon, teadvus ja emotsioonid. Alustuseks http://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/2010/1/13/affective-neuroscience-with-jaak-panksepp-bsp-65.html ja uuri edasi asju, mis ei ole üldteada ja mis on reaalsed uurimistulemused, mitte lihtsalt huvitavad lood. Liisi Mõtshärg.
* '''Kati''': Do LLMs understand meaning? Bender and Koller's octopus argument ''(P)'' <small>[https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.463/ paper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_parrot stochastic parrot]</small>
* '''Ruslan''': "ChatGPT is bullshit": Frankfurt's concept of bullshit and LLM hallucinations ''(P)'' <small>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5 paper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Bullshit Frankfurt], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07484 machine bullshit]</small>
* Drops out: '''Juhan''': Semantics based on a world model ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language) wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/model-theory/ SEP], [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/H.pdf Jurafsky-Martin]</small>
* '''Wessel''': Montague semantics ''(P)'' <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montague-semantics/ SEP], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_grammar wiki]</small>
* '''Bauka''': Chomsky vs LLMs: the poverty of the stimulus debate today ''(P)'' <small>[https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/007180 Piantadosi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_of_the_stimulus wiki], [https://lexfridman.com/edward-gibson Gibson]</small>
* '''Valdur''': Semiotics and intelligent systems ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semiotics wiki]</small>
* '''Markus''': Statistical machine translation and the paradigms of machine translation ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation SMT], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_machine_translation history], [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/13.pdf Jurafsky-Martin]</small>


== 4. December: dialog, pragmatics, uncertain knowledge ==


* '''Viktoria''': Speech acts: Austin and Searle ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act wiki], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speech-acts/ SEP], [https://www.coursera.org/lecture/human-language/pragmatics-E8VXH lecture]</small>
* '''Ulrik''': Relevance theory ''(P)'' <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_theory wiki], [https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/publications/WPL/02papers/wilson_sperber.pdf Wilson, Sperber]</small>
* '''Valdur''': Peirce's semiotics and pragmatics ''(P)'' <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-semiotics/ SEP], [http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/ Semiotics for beginners]</small>
* '''Yuliia''': Ramsey's subjective probability theory <small>[http://fitelson.org/probability/ramsey.pdf Ramsey], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ramsey/#PartBeliSubjProb SEP]</small>
* '''Kalev''': Dialogue systems before LLMs ''(P)'' <small>[https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/K.pdf Jurafsky-Martin], [https://soundcloud.com/nlp-highlights/89-dialog-systems-with-zhou-yu podcast]</small>
* '''Roman S.''': Deceiving with words: presupposition, lying and misleading ''(P)'' <small>[https://philosophybites.com/2015/03/jonathan-webber-on-deceiving-with-words/ podcast], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGJGIWqnSFY video], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lying-definition/ SEP]</small>
* '''Mansoor''': LLM persuasion and manipulation ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09662 paper 1], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.14380 paper 2]</small>
* '''Kati''': Implicature experiments: do LLMs understand implicatures? ''(P)'' <small>[http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/fox/class_1.pdf Fox], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14986 paper], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ SEP]</small>


<!--
== 11. December: uncertain knowledge, causation, complexity ==


* '''Yuliia''': Interpretations of probability ''(P)'' <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/probability-interpret/ SEP], [[Numeric uncertainty|intro]]</small>
* '''Wessel''': Logic and probability ''(P)'' <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-probability/ SEP], [https://logictools.org/confer/ confidence]</small>
* '''Alex''': Probabilistic causation ''(P)'' <small>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/ SEP]</small>
* '''Kristel''': David Krakauer about complex systems ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/07/10/242-david-krakauer-on-complexity-agency-and-information/ podcast], [https://davidckrakauer.com/ homepage]</small>
* '''Denis''': Assembly theory <small>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_theory wiki], [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06600-9 Nature], [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/388-what-is-life podcast]</small>
* '''Roman K.''': Wolfram's theory of the world using hypergraphs ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/07/12/155-stephen-wolfram-on-computation-hypergraphs-and-fundamental-physics/ podcast], [https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2020/04/finally-we-may-have-a-path-to-the-fundamental-theory-of-physics-and-its-beautiful/ Wolfram]</small>
* '''open theme''': Dummett: Truth <small>[https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kk3n/epistclass/dummett.pdf text], [https://askaphilosopher.org/2017/03/04/michael-dummetts-truth/ comment]</small>
* '''open theme''': David Deutsch: explanation vs probability in scientific theories <small>[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/10/16/253-david-deutsch-on-science-complexity-and-explanation/ podcast], [https://www.daviddeutsch.org.uk/papersarticles/ homepage]</small>
* ''free slots for moved talks''


== 18. December: AI and the world, wrap-up ==


Edaspidi:
* '''Roman K.''': The Platonic representation hypothesis: do all large models converge to the same picture of the world? ''(P)'' <small>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.07987 paper], [https://blog.jxmo.io/p/there-is-only-one-model blog], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals universals]</small>
* '''Dimitrios''': The technological singularity: Vinge (1993) and current views ''(P)'' <small>[https://mindstalk.net/vinge/vinge-sing.html Vinge], [https://ai-2027.com/ AI 2027], [https://knightcolumbia.org/content/ai-as-normal-technology normal technology]</small>
* '''Anton''': Blaise Agüera y Arcas: what is intelligence? ''(P)'' <small>[https://whatisintelligence.antikythera.org/ book], [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/08/19/286-blaise-aguera-y-arcas-on-the-emergence-of-replication-and-computation/ podcast]</small>
* '''Markus''': Peter Watts' "Blindsight": intelligence without consciousness ''(P)'' <small>[https://www.rifters.com/real/Blindsight.htm novel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight_(Watts_novel) wiki]</small>
* '''Tanel''': wrap-up and exam overview


Järgmised kaks said algul antud ekslikult (on juba üleval olemas) ja lähevad vahetamisele, vahetusettepanekud on:


<!--


* Confirmation bias, start with [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428661.200-the-argumentative-ape-why-were-wired-to-persuade.html?full=true this article] Valter Kitsberg 14 märts (teisip) selle asemel:
time for 4 30-min presentation slots
How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with [http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate this TED lecture] Valter Kitsberg 14 märts (teisip)


-->
18 Sept
-------


Erik: Putnam
Bauka: Dennet
Juhan: Wittgenstein
Teele: Frege
Pavel: Pragmatism


<!--
25 Sept
* Evolution of morals. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-edward-wilson-on-the-formation-of-morals-a-884767.html alusta siit] ja otsi ise edasi. Asko Oruste.
-------
*  How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with [http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate this TED lecture] Artur Vainola
4+2 pres:


11 aprill:
Ulrich: Tarski
* Frame problem in AI. Start with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem and continue to find additional materials and examples. Margus Sibrits.
Wessel: Quine
* Intuitsionistlik loogika: näited teoreemidest, mis kehtivad klassikaliselt, kuid mitte intuitsionistlikult. Näiteid tõestustest, millel lihtne klassikaline, kuid keeruline intuitsionistlik tõestus. ??
Elina: Strawson
* Nick Boström "are we living in simulation". http://www.simulation-argument.com/ and http://www.nickbostrom.com/ Taavi Tali.
Dmitri: Paul Grice
* Statistical principles in machine translation a la Google. Raigo Aljand.
Huzeifa: Homeostasis and brain science
Annika: Anil Seth consciousness


25 aprill:
2. Oct
------
4+1 pres:


* Research and give an overview of the state of the art in machine translation: top systems, their capacity and the main principles of how they work. Stefan Jaanus Rüstern
Alex: Philosophy of math
* Ordinaalid ja kardinaalid. Katre Metsvahi.
Roman: altruism and evolution of morals
* Neuroimaging, auditory hallucinations, and the bicameral mind.pdf [http://www.reddit.com/r/Neuropsychology/comments/myznt/neuroimaging_auditory_hallucinations_and_the/ start here and download pdf] Maarja Lutsar
Kristel: Randy Gallistel memory
Erik: Bacteria communicate
Hanna: Neurons are more complex...


9 mai:
9. Oct
* Mirror Neurons mh alustuseks brain science podcast 35 Mirror Neurons ja podcast 39 (Discusses the role of mirror neurons in imitation and language) pluss googelda veidi juurde. Liis Harjo
------
* Real dialog systems. Good example in the army: look at http://www.ai.sri.com/natural-language/projects/arpa-sls/commandtalk.html vaata dialoogi UAV-ga http://www2.cvl.isy.liu.se/ScOut/Publications/Papers/doherty00.pdf ja samast https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221488300_The_WITAS_multi-modal_dialogue_system_I ja [[Media:witaschopperthesis.pdf]],[[Media:witaschopper.pdf]] Marina
4+1 pres:
* Mis on õppimismeetodite progressi põhjused ehk põhjuste olulisused? Vt alustuseks http://www.andreykurenkov.com/writing/a-brief-history-of-neural-nets-and-deep-learning/ ja
http://beamandrew.github.io/deeplearning/2017/02/23/deep_learning_101_part1.html ja https://www.technologyreview.com/s/540001/teaching-machines-to-understand-us/


-->
Parviz: Early language
Andreas: Hoffman user interface theory
Timofei: Andi Clark
Henri: Chomsky's theories of language.
Pavel: Solipsism


<!--


Variante edaspidiseks:
16. Oct
---------


* ...
Annabel: Nelson Goodman
** Mirror Neurons mh alustuseks brain science podcast 35 Mirror Neurons ja podcast 39 (Discusses the role of mirror neurons in imitation and language) pluss googelda veidi juurde.
Bauka: Kahneman system 1 and 2
** Frame problem in AI. Start with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem and continue to find additional materials and examples. Blumbergs.
Hanna: Are we living in a simulation (Bostrom)
** Abduction.
Elina: Neuroimaging
** Ordinaalid.
Dmitri: Confirmation bias
Victoria: Mirror neurons
-->
-->
<!-- **  Chinese room argument and counterarguments. Start with
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room  and continue to find additional materials and examples. Emin.


* ...
= Some themes for selection =
** Dennett: The Cultural Evolution of Words and Other Thinking Tools. symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/435.full.pdf 
 
** Donald: Precis of Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/11794296/bbs.donald.html
Classical analytic philosophy
**Intuitsionistlik loogika: näited teoreemidest, mis kehtivad klassikaliselt, kuid mitte intuitsionistlikult. Näiteid tõestustest, millel lihtne klassikaline, kuid keeruline intuitsionistlik tõestus.
** Modaalse loogika põhimõtted: miks on olemas erinevad modaalsed loogikad, mis on S4 ja S5 ja mis on Kripke võimalike maailmate semantika.


* ...
* Kant's [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-judgment/ theory of judgement].
** http://www.epjournal.net/ Bilingual brain.  
* Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus vs Philosophical Investigations. Also: background and influences (like, for PI pragmatism via Ramsey). Tanel has done a very brief intro to the topic, so we can continue from there. I.e recall Tractatus, but do not spend much time there, assuming we have already looked into this. Spend more time on PI and especially the comparison between the Tractatus phase (early Wittgenstein) and PI phase (late Wittgenstein). This is a popular topic, easy to google.
** Modaalse loogika põhimõtted: miks on olemas erinevad modaalsed loogikad, mis on S4 ja S5 ja mis on Kripke võimalike maailmate semantika.  
* Putnam: tähendus ja osutus. [https://danielwharris.com/teaching/364online/weeks/3/Putnam.pdf Meaning and reference]. Lisaks tasub vaadata [https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/453/PutnamDisplay.pdf ülevaadet]. Vaata ka  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism  Social_constructionism wikis] ja ntx [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2654557?seq=4 siin] ja taustaks kindlasti [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/ Functionalism (SEP)], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) Functionalism (wiki)]: Googelda artiklile juurde seletusi/analüüse.
** Brain Rules.
* Quine: empirismi kaks dogmat. Linke: [https://www.theologie.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:ffffffff-fbd6-1538-0000-000070cf64bc/Quine51.pdf siin], [https://sidoli.w.waseda.jp/Quine_Two_Dogmas.pdf siin]. Vt ka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism taust/analüüs wikis].
* Frege: Frege tähendusest ja osutusest. Read [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference an overview/background from wikipedia] and Frege's own paper [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2181485 On Sense and Reference]. There is a [https://youtu.be/sDlFaOn71n8?si=dlhk_xJodh8vYnFz youtube video] about the paper. See SEP [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/ on Frege], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-logic/ Frege's logic] and wikipedia about [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift  Begriffsschrift] (the book inventing predicate calculus).
* Tarski: semantiline tõekontseptsioon. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski About Tarski]. The [https://sites.ualberta.ca/~francisp/Phil426/TarskiTruth1944.pdf original paper] and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tarski-truth/ the SEP explanations/details/background]
* Strawson: tähendus ja tõde (meaning and truth). One [https://www.scribd.com/doc/101020068/Strawson-Meaning-and-Truth fulltext here]. Look at SEP about [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strawson/ Strawson]. There is a Robinson's podcast [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XJ5k4GY83E video episode about the Strawson approach (at ca 1:21)] and another podcast [https://partiallyexaminedlife.com/2018/07/23/ep195-1-austin-strawson/ episode] about the context of Strawson/Austin debate on theme.
* Dennett: kvaalide kvainimine (quining qualia). Full text [https://web-archive.southampton.ac.uk/cogprints.org/254/ here]. About the views of Dennett [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316513753_Illusionism_as_the_obvious_default_theory_of_consciousness by himself] and [https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-illusionist others]. Some [https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/izbzhd/why_does_daniel_dennett_in_quining_qualia_assert/ discussion on reddit]. Wikipedia about [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia qualia].
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dummett Dummett]: Truth. One fulltext [https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kk3n/epistclass/dummett.pdf here]. You may also want to read comments like [https://askaphilosopher.org/2017/03/04/michael-dummetts-truth/ this] and background like [https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/ this]
* Pragmatism. Start with [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/ the SEP article] and search for more.
* Paul Grice: "meaning" and overview of other important parts of Grice claims and theory. This is also so widely discussed that it is easy to google. Start with  [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/grice/ SEP]. Some nice intros to implicatures: [https://www.bu.edu/linguistics/UG/course/lx502/_docs/lx502-implicatures.pdf here] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicature this wikipage]. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/studypacks/Grice-Logic.pdf Grice himself about this stuff]. [http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/fox/class_1.pdf More detailed] stuff. Check also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_theory the relevance theory]. Certainly look through a very nice [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGJGIWqnSFY video] about flouting/violating the maxims in relation to irony, sarcasm and jokes.


* ...
Brain science and evolution
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle Anthropic principle] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain Boltzmann brain]
** Philosophy of Metzinger: [http://media.libsyn.com/media/brainsciencepodcast/67-BSP-Metzinger.mp3 first, buy the Metzinger podcast], read background [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Self_models Self models] and also look at [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=9181 video lecture]
** Nick Boström "are we living in simulation".  http://www.simulation-argument.com/ and http://www.nickbostrom.com/ 
** Kurzweil's singularity. The core idea and critical comments/observations about the singularity concept.
** Singulaarsus.


* ...
* Neurons are more complex than we thought, see [https://www.quantamagazine.org/neural-dendrites-reveal-their-computational-power-20200114/ here] and [https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/neurons-are-more-complex-than-what-we-have-imagined-b3dd00a1dcd3 here] for starters.
** Hilbert program and finitism.  
* [https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005268 Could a Neuroscientist Understand a Microprocessor?]
** Overview of pragmatism as a philosophical school: main ideas, development etc-  
* Karl Friston and the free energy principle . A useful[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2020/03/09/87-karl-friston-on-brains-predictions-and-free-energy/ podcast episode] and the [https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/ homepage].
** Dialog systems in the Army: look at http://www.ai.sri.com/natural-language/projects/arpa-sls/commandtalk.html
* Antonio Damasio and the origin of important stuff in homeostasis. [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolution-of-humanity/ Interview] and a [https://www.ted.com/speakers/antonio_damasio ted talk]. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis
* Donald D. Hoffman and the user interface (MUI) theory of mind. Easy to google, highly popular.
* Main points from Clark in the [https://samharris.org/episode/SEF4786499D Andy Clark] episode (predictive brain, embodied cognition, and the extended mind) full version from the [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes Making sense] podcast by Sam Harris. If the full version link does not work for some reason, check out the shorter version [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/322-predicting-reality here] and ask Tanel for help. You may also want to google papers by Andy Clark and/or select for reading some papers from the [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JLYTMxgAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao scholar site] or [https://profiles.sussex.ac.uk/p493-andy-clark/publications his own site].
* Randy Gallistel on memory [https://braininspired.co/podcast/126/ interview 1] and maybe also [https://codykommers.substack.com/p/79-randy-gallistel#details interview 2]. Some additional background: [https://www.lifeiscomputation.com/the-truth-about-the-not-so-universal-approximation-theorem/ here]
* Confirmation bias, start with [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428661-200-the-argumentative-ape-why-were-wired-to-persuade/ this article] and search for more. Vaata lisaks [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias wikist].
* Mike Frank: Early Language and Cognition. [https://braininspired.co/podcast/171/ Interview] and perhaps a longer [https://langcog.stanford.edu/papers_new/goodman-2016-tics.pdf paper 1] and [https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yhrb4 paper 2]
* Evolution of morals. alusta [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-edward-wilson-on-the-formation-of-morals-a-884767.html siit] ja otsi ise edasi. Vaata ka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_morality wiki põhiartiklit] ja [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism_(biology) lähedalt seotud altruismi teemat]. Important background is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology sociobiology] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology evolutionary psychology].
* Anil Seth on consciousness.  A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/10/11/168-anil-seth-on-emergence-information-and-consciousness/ podcast episode] and a [https://www.anilseth.com/ homepage].
* Symbolic_interactionism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
* Main points of Chomsky's theories of language. This is so widely discussed that it is easy to google. You may want to listen to some podcasts with Chomsky himself: for example, [https://podbay.fm/p/robinsons-podcast/e/1679583620 this] and [https://lexfridman.com/noam-chomsky this]. Certainly read about criticism. You may want to listen to [https://lexfridman.com/edward-gibson this episode] with a critical analysis of Chomsky.
* How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with this [https://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_how_bacteria_talk?subtitle=en TED talk] and search for more. For example, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24993610?seq=1 a SciAm article], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7275189_Keller_L_Surette_MG_Communication_in_bacteria_an_ecological_and_evolutionary_perspective_Nat_Rev_Microbiol_4_249-258 this] is an in-depth paper, [https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00001 this] handles bacteria working through insects.
* Neuroimaging, auditory hallucinations, and the bicameral mind.pdf [http://www.reddit.com/r/Neuropsychology/comments/myznt/neuroimaging_auditory_hallucinations_and_the/ start here and download pdf]
* Mirror Neurons


* ...
Philosophy of math
** How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with [http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate this TED lecture]
** Neuroimaging, auditory hallucinations, and the bicameral mind.pdf [http://www.reddit.com/r/Neuropsychology/comments/myznt/neuroimaging_auditory_hallucinations_and_the/ start here and download pdf]
** Research and give an overview of the state of the art in machine translation: top systems, their capacity and the main principles of how they work.
** Statistical principles in machine translation a la Google.
** Did Morality Evolve?


* ...
* Intuitsionistlik loogika: näited teoreemidest, mis kehtivad klassikaliselt, kuid mitte intuitsionistlikult. Näiteid tõestustest, millel lihtne klassikaline, kuid keeruline intuitsionistlik tõestus (standardnäide: ruutjuur kahest on irratsionaalne, vt näiteks [https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/square-root-2-irrational.html siit] ja googelda juurde). Vaata intuitsionisliku loogika kohta [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic wikist] ja [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/ SEPist]. NB! Intuitsionistlik loogika on oluline teema matemaatika filosoofias: Tanel teeb sellele hilisemates loengutes eraldi sissejuhatuse.
** Confirmation bias.  
* Infinity: Ordinaalid ja kardinaalid. Maybe start with a good exposition at [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/6352/what-is-the-difference-between-an-ordinal-number-and-a-cardinal-number  in this discussion]. Continue with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality cardinals] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number ordinals] in wiki, check out [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox Russell's paradox], read about [https://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/knight/lectures/ordinals.pdf transfinite ordinals]
** Searle.  
* Kripke semantics of modal logics. Also, check out the relevant materials from the section "Infinity, logic and philosophy of mathematics" above.


-->
Specifically A.I.: in a narrow sense
<!--
=== Candidates to pick for presentation ===


* Frame problem. Good stuff to read, maybe in that order [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/ SEP], [https://folk.idi.ntnu.no/gamback/teaching/TDT4138/dennett84.pdf Dennett], [https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~milos/courses/cs2740/Lectures/class14.pdf Blocks world example], [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/leora/fp.pdf Morgenstern]. Beware that none of the various "solutions" are not really satisfactory: they should be considered as possible approaches, not solutions.
* About the paper "Computational irreducibility and compatibilism: towards a formalization". Free will issues connected to computation.
* Statistical machine translation, incl major waves/paradigms of machine translation.


* Background and life of Ludwig Wittgenstein
Complexity, probabilities, motivation, causation and friends
* Searle: philosophical and linguistic views


* Confirmation bias, start with [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428661.200-the-argumentative-ape-why-were-wired-to-persuade.html?full=true this article]
* Ramsey subjektiivne tõenäosusteooria. [http://fitelson.org/probability/ramsey.pdf Full text] of his paper. Important background: [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/probability-interpret/ interpretations of probability], esp "The Subjective Interpretation" and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ramsey/#PartBeliSubjProb specifically about Ramsey's views].
* Evolution of morals. Start with [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-edward-wilson-on-the-formation-of-morals-a-884767.html Wilson interview and then search more yourself]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_theory Assembly Theory]. See also [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06600-9 a Nature paper]. Recommended: especially, a good [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/388-what-is-life discussion] with [https://www.santafe.edu/people/profile/sara-walker Sara Walker], and [https://lexfridman.com/lee-cronin-3/ another] with [https://www.santafe.edu/people/profile/leroy-lee-cronin Lee Cronin].
* Loomuliku keele dialoogisüsteem kopteri juhtimiseks: googelda WITAS Multi-Modal Dialogue System
* Kahneman & Tversky: briefly about Prospect theory and more on System 1 and System 2 thinking
* Judea Pearl on causality. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2022/05/09/196-judea-pearl-on-cause-and-effect/ podcast episode] and [https://lexfridman.com/judea-pearl another] and [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/164-cause-effect yet another] and [http://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/jp_home.html homepage].
* David Deutsch and the probabilistic (or rather, not) nature of scientific theories. A [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/10/16/253-david-deutsch-on-science-complexity-and-explanation/ useful podcast]. Also the [https://www.daviddeutsch.org.uk/papersarticles/ homepage]. Here is one [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2014.0540 complicated paper] on constructor theory, as a potential additional deep source.


-->
Various ideas about the world


== Ideid lugemiseks ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle antroopsusprintsiip]. See the [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology/#AnthReasMult take by SEP]. A good listen by a theoretical physicist [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/tag/anthropic-principle/ is here]. You may want to have a look at the [https://anthropic-principle.com/anthropic-bias/ book] by Nick Boström, the classic [https://sseh.uchicago.edu/doc/Carter_Phil_Trans_1983.pdf full paper] by Brandon Carter, and [https://alta3b.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/The-Anthropic-Cosmological-Principle-John-Barrow.pdf the full book] by Barrow and Tipler. Related tidbit: there is a very early paper about the [https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/nlib-digar:101387 anthropic principle in microcosmos] by Tanel, closely related to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain Boltzmann brain].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3ROyorFv5E Randy Gallistel on computational brain] ja [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCDaURmKPm4 siin]
* Nick Boström [https://simulation-argument.com/ Are we living in simulation]. Vt taustaks [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom Nick Boström (wiki)] ja [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis taust/analüüs wikis]. Googelda juurde veel analüüse/arvamusi/vastuväiteid.
* [http://www.openworm.org/ C. elegansi simuleerimisprojekt]
* David Krakauer about complex systems. See https://davidckrakauer.com/ and listen to https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/07/10/242-david-krakauer-on-complexity-agency-and-information/
* USA [http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/ Brain connectome project] ja [http://incubator.rockefeller.edu/a-3-billion-dollar-mistake-why-the-american-government-should-think-twice-about-a-brain-activity-map-bam/ vastuolud]
* panpsychism and Philip Goff. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/11/04/71-philip-goff-on-consciousness-everywhere/ podcast episode]. Also, have a quick intro look into the "hard problem of consciousness" of Chalmers.
* Euroopa [https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/ human brain project] ja [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project wikis] ja [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-the-human-brain-project-went-wrong-and-how-to-fix-it/ vastuolud] ja [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/07/human-brain-project-researchers-threaten-boycott boikott]
* Max Tegmark and the mathematical multiverse. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/12/02/75-max-tegmark-on-reality-simulation-and-the-multiverse/ podcast episode].
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias Confirmation biasi] evolutsioonilistest alustest: https://www.edge.org/conversation/hugo_mercier-the-argumentative-theory
* Wolfram's theory of the world, using hypergraphs. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/07/12/155-stephen-wolfram-on-computation-hypergraphs-and-fundamental-physics/ podcast] and [https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/10/how-to-think-computationally-about-ai-the-universe-and-everything/ ted talk] and [https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2020/04/finally-we-may-have-a-path-to-the-fundamental-theory-of-physics-and-its-beautiful/ some earlier writings]
* Lugemiseks ja kuulamiseks: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR CRISPR] [https://blog.ycombinator.com/hacking-dna-the-story-of-crispr-ken-thompson-and-the-gene-drive/ lühike jutt hacker newsis] ja [http://www.radiolab.org/story/update-crispr/ väga hea radiolabi hiljutine podcast]: kuula kindlasti!
* Solipsism. Certainly consider several types of solipsism, starting from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism wiki]. See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_solipsism methodological solipsism] and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/methodological-individualism/ methodological individualism] in contrast to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalism externalism] of Putnam etc
* Kuulamiseks [https://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/meaning-and-chaos meaning and chaos] arhetüüpiliste ideede, tähenduse ja evolutsooni teemadel. Alguses tagasivaade nende eelmisele vestlusele, sisuline osa algab ca 10 minuti pärast. Räägivad [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Peterson Jordan Peterson] ja [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris Sam Harris].
* http://www.epjournal.net/
* http://www.reddit.com/r/PhilosophyOfCS
* http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/2542/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain
* http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-dennett/cute-funny-sexy-cognitive-science_b_3692072.html?utm_hp_ref=tedweekends&ir=TED+Weekends
* http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15brain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
* http://www.reddit.com/r/Neuropsychology/comments/myznt/neuroimaging_auditory_hallucinations_and_the/
* http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-edward-wilson-on-the-formation-of-morals-a-884767.html
* http://www.reddit.com/r/philosophy/comments/14wk1j/do_we_act_as_individual_components_of_a_larger/
* http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21428661.200-the-argumentative-ape-why-were-wired-to-persuade.html?full=true
* http://www.npr.org/2013/06/14/191614360/decoding-the-most-complex-object-in-the-universe?ft=1&f=1007
* http://aeon.co/magazine/living-together/morality-may-have-evolved-but-it-isnt-fixed/
* http://gazehawk.com//blog/what-everyone-should-know-about-the-human-eye/
* http://www.thewire.com/entertainment/2010/11/smart-people-do-more-drugs-because-of-evolution/18539/
* http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-mystery-of-consciousness/
* http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate
* http://www.worldchanging.com/archives//002651.html

Viimane redaktsioon: 27. oktoober 2026, kell 22:20

märgid
märgid

Code: ITV9070
Link: http://lambda.ee/wiki/Semantika_ja_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_filosoofia
Title: Semantics and Analytical Philosophy
Archive: year 2025 archive
Lecturer: Tanel Tammet
Contact: tanel.tammet@ttu.ee, 6203457, ICT 426

"A sign is anything that can be used to tell a lie." --Umberto Eco

“I’m writing a book on magic,” I explain, and I’m asked, “Real magic?” By real magic people mean miracles, thaumaturgical acts, and supernatural powers. “No,” I answer: “Conjuring tricks, not real magic.” Real magic, in other words, refers to the magic that is not real, while the magic that is real, that can actually be done, is not real magic. --Lee Siegel


NB! Lambda server hardware has been fixed

Last week: sometimes the page did not open, sometimes it did.

Now the server is fixed.


Language: English and Estonian

The current plan is teach the course in English in 2026, unless everybody understands Estonian.

It is OK for students to give presentations, ask questions etc in Estonian as well.

The materials / information is currently a mix of English and Estonian: we will move towards mostly English information in case we will keep English as the main language of the course.

Teams and Recordings

Some recordings will be available, but we do not plan to record most lectures/seminars.

The teams group for the course is Semantika ja analüütiline filosoofia 2026. In rare cases when the seminar is on teams (first case: 18. September), not in the lecture room, we will use this. Please register, the team code is: cpjionc .

Use the link to the teams meeting on 18. Sept.

Time, place, credits

Time: Every Friday 09:30 - 11:45

Normally we will have student presentations during the lecture time, along with planning following presentations and brief intros by the lecturer. Location:

  • Normally: ICT-507 A/B
  • Sometimes: teams (these will be announced a week earlier)

Credits: 6

The lectures will be in English, unless everybody understands Estonian, in which case they will be in Estonian.

The presentations in practice sessions can be given in English or Estonian, as you prefer.

The contents of practice sessions are presentations by students and their discussion. For all students, presence in the practice sessions is important and is accounted for in the final grade.

We will probably succeed with saving the videos of lectures: will check out during the first weeks.

The course will finish with a written exam. The materials below marked with a red E will be critical for studying for the exam, while the materials marked with blue L are also used but less important. Materials without such marks will not be used for the exam questions.

In order to be allowed to take the exam, the initial plan is as follows (we may need to tune it):

  • each Ph.D student should give at least four presentations.
  • each master student should give at least two presentations. In case it turns out we will have enough time, an additional third short presentation might be asked for.

Presentations are not graded, but when they are determined not to be satfisfactory, they should be re-done.

The lecture times will be used for both

  • Short intros to thematic blocks by Tanel
  • Student presentations

NB! Presence at student presentations will be registered: failing to participate at many presentations will have a negative effect on the final grade.


Initial course plan, materials and topics

We consider several topics in the wider fields of semantics and analytic philosophy, like philosophy of language, mind and A.I., starting from general and classical ones and moving to more specific and modern.

The main goal of the lectures is to make it easier to understand the concepts and ideas in the topics, in order to better understand the reading materials.

Intro, semiotics and classical analytic philosophy

Core materials:

Useful to read/listen:

About the alphabet:


Notes on structuralism, deconstruction and friends:

Notes on Propp:

Notes on the Vienna circle and logical positivism:

Evolution of brain, intelligence and society

A highly recommended book: A Brief History of Intelligence: Evolution, AI, and the Five Breakthroughs That Made Our Brains

Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and memetics.

Main material:

Recommended overviews:

Recommended books:

Important papers:

Additional notes and recommendations, not obligatory:

Brain science

Intro material

For exam:

Good general overviews:

Important podcasts:


General notes:

Read also:

Infinity, logic and philosophy of mathematics

The first topic is intro to the philosophy of mathematics, mainly the questions of infinity and unsolvability.

Materials to read:

Videos have heads down:

More about infinity and computability:

Helpful read: cardinality wikipedias. Read more about Gödel's incompleteness theorem from SEP: a part of a larger incompleteness-article.

A longer story about the philosophy of mathematics from SEP.

Nonclassical logics, related to the philosophy of mathematics:


More on nonclassical logics:

Thinking and AI

Notes for the overview talk

Classic ideas about the main questions of AI philosophy (close to the questions about functionalism):

First, a somewhat old interview with a classic:

Read the wiki pages of main issues:

Technical stuff from Graziano about neuroscience related to consciousness:

Detailed arguments and counterarguments for the

Some good core stuff


Living classics from the lex fridman podcast:


Semantics of natural language

We will look into both

  • Vector semantics
  • Semantics based on world model

Details will be added when the block starts

Dialog, pragmatics, uncertain knowledge

The first subject is dialogue pragmatics. Several related branches (have a brief look, but no need to read deeply unless you become interested):

To start, certainly look/listen these short lectures:

In case you just want to read original Grice:

Have a look at

Additionally, nice to listen and :


The next theme is uncertain information and probabilities: how to understand, write down and make conjectures.


Read this intro: Numeric uncertainty (L as explained next):

  • Certainly up the the section "Different ways to encode confidences in logic", also looking at the wikipages pointed to
  • Briefly look into the following sections, but do not focus or spend much time on these. The Numeric uncertainty intro was originally made for this course.

Then read the first parts and have brief looks at the SEP articles:

Here are some of our papers on our system, about confidence and reasoning with exceptions.


Recommended podcasts

  • The Gradient: a good AI podcast, relatively deep, several philosophical themes / episodes. Discontinued, but archives present.
  • Brain Inspired: real neuroscience with focus on AI related themes.
  • Philosophy bites: real philosophers conveying ideas rather clearly in ca 15 minutes
  • Robinsons podcast: Really good stuff with famous philosophers and related thinkers. One example: Donald Hoffman.
  • Making sense by Sam Harris sometimes does deep interviews with philosophers, like the following highly recommended Andy Clark episode (predictive brain, embodied cognition, and the extended mind) full version. If that does not work for some reason, check out the shorter version here.
  • Highly popular Lex Fridman podcast has sometimes deep interviews with AI and comp sci peaople. Specifically about AI I'd recommend some widely different views from Francois Chollet, Yann LeCun, Gary Marcus, Demis Hassabis, Ilya Sutskever, Ben Goertzel.
  • The Mindscape podcast of an important physicist has often quite philosophically interesting or cognitive science and AI interviews. Some recommendations: Blaise Agüera y Arcas, David Krakauer, Christoph Adami, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Yejin Choi, Hugo Mercier, Andrew Pontzen.

Presentation schedule

Time for each seminar: 09:30 - 11:45.

  • Until 9. October: normal-length talks, ca 25 min each.
  • From 16. October: short talks, 15 min each: 10 min talk and 5 min questions.
  • The seminars are overbooked, since some presenters cannot attend. If we run out of time, the remaining talks go first at the next seminar.
  • If you cannot attend, write to Tanel: your talk moves to a later seminar.
  • (P) marks a proposed theme. You may propose a different theme for the same date: write to Tanel.
  • The links after each talk are starting points. Search for more material yourself.

18. September (done)

25. September (done)

  • Wessel: Quine: two dogmas of empiricism text, wiki
  • Annika: Anil Seth on consciousness podcast
  • Ulrik: Tarski: the semantic conception of truth paper, SEP
  • Huzaifa: Homeostasis and brain science (Damasio) podcast
  • Dmitri: Paul Grice: meaning and implicature SEP, Grice

2. October (done)

  • Alex: Philosophy of mathematics: infinity and logic notes
  • Kristel: Randy Gallistel on memory podcast
  • Erik: How bacteria communicate TED

9. October

16. October

23. October: classical philosophy and semiotics, evolution, ideas about the world

30. October: logic and philosophy of mathematics

6. November: brain science and evolution

13. November: thinking and AI: classic arguments

20. November: thinking and AI: current AI

  • Viktoria: Chollet: "On the measure of intelligence" and the ARC benchmark (P) paper, Fridman, ARC
  • Kristel: Do LLMs build world models? LeCun vs the opposing claims (P) LeCun, Fridman, Othello-GPT
  • Anton: Rodney Brooks on what transformers / LLMs can and cannot do (P) essay 1, essay 2, scorecard
  • Yuliia: Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor? paper
  • Annika: Consciousness in AI: indicator properties (Butlin et al.) (P) paper
  • Kati: Computational irreducibility and compatibilism (P) paper, irreducibility, SEP compatibilism
  • Parviz: AI existential risk: the main points of Yudkowsky and Soares, "If anyone builds it, everyone dies" (2025) (P) book, wiki, AGI Ruin
  • Dimitrios: Alignment faking and scheming in current LLMs: evidence for AI risk? (P) paper, summary, scheming

27. November: semantics of natural language

4. December: dialog, pragmatics, uncertain knowledge

11. December: uncertain knowledge, causation, complexity

  • Yuliia: Interpretations of probability (P) SEP, intro
  • Wessel: Logic and probability (P) SEP, confidence
  • Alex: Probabilistic causation (P) SEP
  • Kristel: David Krakauer about complex systems (P) podcast, homepage
  • Denis: Assembly theory wiki, Nature, podcast
  • Roman K.: Wolfram's theory of the world using hypergraphs (P) podcast, Wolfram
  • open theme: Dummett: Truth text, comment
  • open theme: David Deutsch: explanation vs probability in scientific theories podcast, homepage
  • free slots for moved talks

18. December: AI and the world, wrap-up

  • Roman K.: The Platonic representation hypothesis: do all large models converge to the same picture of the world? (P) paper, blog, universals
  • Dimitrios: The technological singularity: Vinge (1993) and current views (P) Vinge, AI 2027, normal technology
  • Anton: Blaise Agüera y Arcas: what is intelligence? (P) book, podcast
  • Markus: Peter Watts' "Blindsight": intelligence without consciousness (P) novel, wiki
  • Tanel: wrap-up and exam overview


Some themes for selection

Classical analytic philosophy

Brain science and evolution

Philosophy of math

  • Intuitsionistlik loogika: näited teoreemidest, mis kehtivad klassikaliselt, kuid mitte intuitsionistlikult. Näiteid tõestustest, millel lihtne klassikaline, kuid keeruline intuitsionistlik tõestus (standardnäide: ruutjuur kahest on irratsionaalne, vt näiteks siit ja googelda juurde). Vaata intuitsionisliku loogika kohta wikist ja SEPist. NB! Intuitsionistlik loogika on oluline teema matemaatika filosoofias: Tanel teeb sellele hilisemates loengutes eraldi sissejuhatuse.
  • Infinity: Ordinaalid ja kardinaalid. Maybe start with a good exposition at in this discussion. Continue with cardinals and ordinals in wiki, check out Russell's paradox, read about transfinite ordinals
  • Kripke semantics of modal logics. Also, check out the relevant materials from the section "Infinity, logic and philosophy of mathematics" above.

Specifically A.I.: in a narrow sense

  • Frame problem. Good stuff to read, maybe in that order SEP, Dennett, Blocks world example, Morgenstern. Beware that none of the various "solutions" are not really satisfactory: they should be considered as possible approaches, not solutions.
  • About the paper "Computational irreducibility and compatibilism: towards a formalization". Free will issues connected to computation.
  • Statistical machine translation, incl major waves/paradigms of machine translation.

Complexity, probabilities, motivation, causation and friends

Various ideas about the world

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